Corrections_Today_Spring_2025_Vol.87_No.1

Corrections Spring 2025 | Vol. 87, No. 1 THE AMERICAN CORRECTIONAL ASSOCIATION MAGAZINE Advance. Connect. Achieve. Today Programming for Incarcerated Women | Enhancing Rehab in Jails & Prisons | Digital Transformation Challenges

Ricky D. Dixon takes the helm as ACA’s 109 th President p. 8

HOW MANY OF YOUR INMATES ARE DOING TIME IN THE PRISON CALLED UNHAPPINESS? There’s a free program that can help change that. It’s called The Way to Happiness— a moral code based on 21 principles like trustworthiness, industriousness and honesty. Principles that, when followed by inmates, help them rebuild their self-respect and other virtues they’ll need to become productive members of society. Get started today. Go to TheWayToHappiness.org/restore and order a Restoring Self-Respect Resource Kit. It’s designed specifically for those in criminal justice.

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Corrections Professionals: What’s Your Story?

Your voice is an essential part of the

Join the journey of Corrections Today , the flagship publication of the American Correctional Association, proudly serving Corrections Professionals worldwide. Explore the many ways to share your insights, experiences, and expertise in future issues. We can’t wait to feature your contributions and celebrate the incredible work you do!

• Share your National Correctional Officer and Employee Week celebrations. • Contribute a compelling feature article. • Provide insightful critiques for our Bookshelf section. • Express your perspectives and experiences in “View from the Line.” • “Speak Out” on matters close to your heart. • Extend an update on your ACA Committee. • Seek guidance from Dr. Dean Aufderheide by posing a Behavioral Health inquiry. • Promote your upcoming events through the Corrections Calendar. • Engage in our social media platforms.

Questions? Contact Kirk Raymond by calling 703-224-0193 or by email at submissions@aca.org

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Share Your Stories and Photos from National Correctional Officers and Employees Week! National Correctional Officers and Employees Week is May 4-10, 2025 C orrections Today is looking for articles, stories, and photos to feature in our Fall 2025 issue. Highlight the dedication, achievements, and impact of correctional professionals in your facility

Submission Guidelines: – ARTICLES: Should be between 800-2,000 words. Please include a brief bio and a photo of the author(s) and any relevant affiliations. – PHOTOS: Submit high-resolution images (300 dpi or higher) with appropriate captions and credits. Include a brief description of the photo’s context and significance. – FORMAT: All submissions should be in MSWord format for articles, and JPEG format for photos (as individual attachments, not pasted into MSWord). – DEADLINE: Please submit your articles and photos by May 29, 2025. – HOW TO SUBMIT: Email your submissions to submissions@aca.org with the subject line “NCOEW 2025”. or community. Whether it’s a profile of an exceptional employee, a behind-the-scenes story, or a creative way you’re marking the week, we’d love to showcase it. For any questions or further information, please contact Kirk Raymond, Director of Communications and Publications, at (703) 224-0193.

Submit your #NCOEW2025 articles and photos by May 29, 2025 to submissions@aca.org

Photo courtesy Florida Department of Corrections

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Corrections Today Spring 2025 | Vol. 87, No. 1 THE AMERICAN CORRECTIONAL ASSOCIATION MAGAZINE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Features

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Addressing and overcoming the top digital transformation challenges for correctional

facilities By John Croce

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Enhancing rehabilitation in jails and prisons The role of the Risk Need Responsivity model and

treatment programs By Dr. Bryan L. Kline

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Reentry simulation in community corrections By Joe Winkler From the Archives: Likely to stay or bound to leave? Exploring prior work histories of correctional officer recruits By Alexander L. Burton, Cheryl Lero Jonson, William T. Miller and Rollin Cook

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42 Programming for incarcerated women

What correctional agencies are getting right By Terrance Hinton, Ph.D. and Christina Ray, LSW, MSW

National Correctional Oficers and Employees Week 2025 Proclamation and Resolution By Ricky D. Dixon and Robert L. Green p. 62

On the Cover: The newly sworn-in 109 th President of the American Correctional Association, Ricky Dixon, delivered an inspiring speech at the Winter Conference in Orlando, FL. With a bold vision and clear goals for his presidency, Dixon laid out a transformative path for the future of corrections. Photo courtesy Lovestruck Images

Spring 2025 | Corrections Today

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

News&Views

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From Rob’s Desk

EDITORIAL STAFF EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Robert L. Green, robg@aca.org MANAGING EDITOR Kirk Raymond, kraymond@aca.org GRAPHICS AND PRODUCTION STAFF GRAPHIC DESIGNER Carla DeCarlo, carlad@aca.org ADVERTISING AND MARKETING STAFF DIRECTOR, CONVENTIONS, ADVERTISING AND CORPORATE RELATIONS Kelli McAfee, kellim@aca.org DIRECTOR, SALES & MARKETING Da’Shawn Burnette, dashawnb@aca.org

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ACA’s President’s Corner

10 12 16 22 24 28

In Memoriam

Correctional Chaplain Perspectives

NIJ

U.S. State Department

View From the Line

PRODUCTION COORDINATOR Mary Misisco, marym@aca.org COMMUNICATIONS SPECIALIST Sarah Castillo, sarahc@aca.org MULTIMEDIA DESIGNER Kierra Khan, kierrak@aca.org

Washington Watch/BBM

ACA Departments

ACA EXECUTIVE OFFICE AND DIRECTORS EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

66 70 78 90

ACA Benchmarks/New Members

Robert L. Green, robg@aca.org DEPUTY EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Jeffrey Washington, jeffw@aca.org CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

Committees

Communications & Publications Executive Office/Past President’s Corner

Ben Nalette, CPA, benn@aca.org SENIOR EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT India Vargas, indiav@aca.org COMMUNICATIONS AND PUBLICATIONS DIRECTOR Kirk Raymond, kraymond@aca.org CONVENTIONS, ADVERTISING AND CORPORATE RELATIONS DIRECTOR Kelli McAfee, kellim@aca.org INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACTING DIRECTOR Ben Nalette, CPA, benn@aca.org INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES Jeffrey Washington, jeffw@aca.org OFFICE OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH DIRECTORS Terri L. Catlett — Director, terric@aca.org Dr. Dean Aufderheide — Director of Mental Health, daufderheide@aca.org PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT, MEMBERSHIP AND ENGAGEMENT DIRECTOR Dr. Valorie L. Sanders, LBBP, valories@aca.org SALES & MARKETING DIRECTOR Da’Shawn Burnette, dashawnb@aca.org STANDARDS AND ACCREDITATION DIRECTOR David Haasenritter, davidh@aca.org Statements contained in Corrections Today are the personal views of the authors and do not constitute ACA policy unless so indicated. ACA does not assume responsibility for the content of Corrections Today as submitted by contributors, reserves the right to edit all articles and, if necessary, condense them. The publication of any advertisement by ACA is neither an endorsement of the advertiser nor of the products or services advertised. ACA is not responsible for any claims made in advertisements. Printed in U.S.A. by Goetz Printing, Springfield, VA Vol. 87, No. 1. Copyright 2025 by the American Correctional Association

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Office of Correctional Health

102 104 114 116

Sales & Marketing

Standards & Accreditation

Corrections Calendar

Advertiser/Product Index

Spring 2025 | Corrections Today

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INQUIRIES AND INFORMATION

ARTICLE AND PHOTO SUBMISSIONS: Managing Editor, 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314; email submissions@aca.org. Articles must be in Microsoft Word. Please include all contact information. Unless expressly requested in writing, all photos and artwork submitted become the property of ACA and may be used in future ACA publications. Articles and photos will not be returned unless expressly requested by author. ADVERTISING INQUIRIES: Please direct all inquiries to DaShawn Burnette, Director of Sales & Marketing, at 703-224-0030 (Direct) or dashawnb@aca.org. MISSION STATEMENT: The American Correctional Association provides a professional organization for all individuals and groups, both public and private, that share a common goal of improving the justice system. Corrections Today (ISSN 0190-2563, USPS 019-640) is published four times a year in Summer (June/July/August), Fall (September/October/November), Winter (December/ January/February) and Spring (March/April/May) by the American Correctional Association, 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314; 703-224-0000. Vol. 87, No. 1. Copyright 2025 by the American Correctional Association POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Corrections Today , American Correctional Association, 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314. Periodicals rate postage is paid at Alexandria, VA 22314 and additional mailing offices. SUBSCRIPTION CHANGES: Subscriptions are included in annual membership dues. Nonmember subscription rates are $25 per year. You can join ACA or renew your subscription online at www. aca.org. Changes to your contact information and address can be updated through the membership portal at www.aca.org, via email at memberships@aca.org or by calling the Member Support Center at 703-224-0115 (Monday–Friday, 8:30 a.m.– 5 p.m., EST).

AMERICAN CORRECTIONAL ASSOCIATION OFFICERS

PRESIDENT Ricky D. Dixon Florida IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT Denise M. Robinson Ohio VICE PRESIDENT Bryan Collier Texas PRESIDENT-ELECT Tyrone Oliver Georgia

TREASURER Anthony O. Vann North Carolina SECRETARY Robert L. Green Maryland

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CHAPTERS AND AFFILIATES

Alston Wilkes Society—American Catholic Correctional Ministries—American Correctional Health Services Association—American Institute of Architects—American Jail Association—American Probation and Parole Association—Arizona Probation, Parole and Corrections Association— Association of Correctional Food Service Affiliates—Association of Paroling Authorities International—Association of State Correctional Administrators—Association of Programs for Female Offenders—Association of Women Executives in Corrections—Colorado Criminal Justice Association— Correctional Accreditation Managers Association— Correctional Association of Massachusetts— Correctional Education Association—Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators—District of Columbia Criminal Justice Association—Florida Council on Crime and Delinquency—Historical Association for Corrections—Illinois Correctional Association—Indiana Criminal Justice Association— International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology—International Association of Correctional Training Personnel—International Correctional Arts Network—International Corrections and Prisons Association—Iowa Corrections Association—Jamaica Federation of Corrections— Juvenile Justice Trainers Association—Kansas Correctional Association—Louisiana Correctional

Association—Maryland Criminal Justice Association— Michigan Corrections Association—Middle Atlantic States Correctional Association—Missouri Corrections Association—National Association of Blacks in Criminal Justice—National Association of Probation Executives—National Association of Adult and Juvenile State Corrections Mental Health Directors—National Correctional Industries Association Inc.—National Council on Crime and Delinquency—National Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators— National Juvenile Detention Association—National Organization of Hispanics in Criminal Justice— Nebraska Correctional Association—New Jersey Chapter Association—New Mexico Criminal Justice Association—New York Corrections and Youth Services Association—North American Association of Wardens and Superintendents—North Carolina Correctional Association—Ohio Correctional and Court Services Association—Oklahoma Correctional Association— Parole and Probation Compact Administrators Association—Prison Fellowship—Salvation Army—South Carolina Correctional Association—Southern States Correctional Association—Texas Criminal Justice Association—Virginia Correctional Association— Volunteers of America Inc.—Washington Correctional Association—Wisconsin Correctional Association— Wyoming Correctional Association

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Corrections Today | Spring 2025

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News&Views

NEWS FROM THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

From Rob’s Desk Developing “leadership presence”

I n the intricate world of correc tional management, the term “leadership presence” embodies more than just a professional de meanor; it encapsulates the essence of effective leadership itself. As we navigate the complexities of our correctional facilities, we often find ourselves inundated with leader ship training programs. While these initiatives are invaluable, they can sometimes overlook a critical ele ment: the individual leader’s ability to genuinely engage and connect in the moment. Leadership presence refers to the ability to project confidence, authenticity and courage, allowing leaders to inspire motivation and trust among their teams. It serves as a cornerstone for successful leadership, especially in the unique context of corrections, where the stakes can be incredibly high. The importance of presence often gets overshadowed by the abundance of theoretical frameworks and strate gies, leading us to neglect the raw, interpersonal skills necessary to enact those principles. Consider this: a well-designed training program may teach us about conflict resolution strategies

or delegating tasks effectively, but what happens when a crisis arises? In those critical moments, it is the leader’s presence that can diffuse ten sion, provide clarity and foster a sense of security among staff and inmates alike. Presence is not just about being seen; it’s about being felt — inspiring confidence, reassuring constituents and promoting an environment where open communication thrives. To cultivate a strong leadership presence, correctional leaders must prioritize developing emotional intel ligence, active listening skills and body language awareness. Leaders should engage in self-reflection and seek feedback from peers and teams to understand their impact. Moreover, they must practice mindfulness to remain grounded and present, espe cially in high-pressure situations. This self-awareness can transform a good leader into a great one, enhancing their ability to connect with their team and effectively influence outcomes. Additionally, we must shift our focus from merely completing train ing modules to creating a culture that reinforces the practice of pres ence. This can be achieved through mentorship programs, coaching and a robust feedback system where

leaders are encouraged to exercise their presence regularly, reflecting on its effectiveness. Our leadership training programs should integrate practical exercises and real-world scenarios to bolster the applica tion of learned principles, ensuring participants grasp the nuances of effective leadership presence. In conclusion, while the struc ture of leadership training is undoubtedly important, it is the individual leader’s presence in each moment that will ensure the skills learned are translated into success ful outcomes. By prioritizing the development of genuine connection, emotional intelligence and situation al awareness, we place ourselves in a better position to lead effectively un der any circumstances. We have the opportunity to not only train leaders but to inspire them to be present — and that can make all the difference in our correctional facilities. CT

Sincerely,

Robert L. Green ACA Executive Director

Spring 2025 | Corrections Today

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News&Views

ACA PRESIDENT’S CORNER

Ricky D. Dixon ACA 109 th President New ACA President Ricky Dixon outlines his goals at Winter Conference

R icky Dixon, the newly Association gave a speech at the Winter Conference in Orlando, FL outlining his goals for his Presiden cy of the association. First, Dixon thanked former President Denise Robinson, who he described as “providing exemplary leadership during her tenure”. He also lauded Robinson’s efforts to “modernize our strategic plan” and “emphasizing continuity of care and operations — a priority I intend to uphold.” He continued by giving thanks for his career achievements “to my team from Florida and my family for their unwavering support. The sacrifices made by my wife, Marsha, our three children, and our grand children are deeply appreciated.” Moving to the heart of his ad dress Dixon said “I would like to use my time this morning to re spectfully challenge our collective way of thinking as it relates to our profession.” sworn-in 109 th President of the American Correctional

Labeling deterrence as “an important function of our work,” Dixon went on to say “ We should hope the punishment fits the crime and is significant enough to deter most individuals from committing criminal activity.” Finally Dixon lauded the “focus we have as an association on reentry and rehabilitation.” “We know that when we get it right, not only do we change lives, but we positively impact our communities and society by reducing future victimization,” he concluded. He then laid out several goals for his time as ACA president, including: – Continuing our focus on

Describing how different philoso phies of correction have changed over time, Dixon called for cor rections professionals to “... be so grounded in our corrections philoso phy and have such an understanding of the purposes of corrections that we influence decision makers more than we are influenced by them.” Laying out what these compet ing priorities are Dixon explained: “Retribution, Incapacitation, Deter rence, and Rehabilitation are still the defined purposes of corrections and the reason for our existence as corrections professionals.” Taking them in turn, Dixon ex plained retribution and its key role in corrections while saying “This function of our profession that our officers and staff carry out is just as honorable as our rehabilitative work and we should not apologize for it.” Regarding incapacitation, he pointed out that “Society is safe from them during the time they are in our custody. This is honorable work as well that our staff should be recognized for.”

reentry, rehabilitation and providing second chances. – Honoring the work of corrections professionals, especially those in uniform. – Ensuring we remember the victims of crime and their perspectives. CT

Corrections Today | Spring 2025

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GUEST EDITORIAL

Denise M. Robinson ACA Immediate Past President President Denise Robinson caps her tenure as ACA President

T he 108 th President of the American Correctional Association Denise Robin son spoke to the attendees at the General Session for her final time as ACA President. “I want to thank you very much. It has been my privilege to serve as the 108 th president of the American Correctional Association and to be the first ACA President from the field of community corrections,” she began. Robinson began by summarizing her main priority as ACA President: “Ensuring that this wonderful Asso ciation has the people, policies and structures in place to provide for our own continuity of care, has been at the forefront of my presidency. Outlining some of the achieve ments of her tenure, Robinson noted that “We transitioned to the new executive director, Robert Green and he has built a tremendous, strong ACA team,” She continued by observing that “We reestablished much needed public policy advocacy by engaging

relayed the story of the special Blue Ribbon Transportation Committee. “This special blue-ribbon com mittee worked tirelessly and rapidly to develop transportation standards that will reduce risk for corrections professionals. The standards were approved by the Commission on Accreditation for Corrections this past Friday,” she declared. Summing up, President Robin son told the crowd “We are already seeing the positive results of these efforts to strengthen and grow the association. ACA has already in creased by more than 1,500 during the 2024 membership campaign,” she announced. “These are not my accom plishments. These are all of our accomplishments. I’ve been surrounded by committed, knowl edgeable and energetic people. I am grateful for the support of the executive committee, the Board of Governors, our past presidents, our committee chairs, our delegate assembly and ACA members and staff,” she concluded. CT

a government affairs and strategy team ensuring ACA is represented in policy decisions and strategy. We created ACA’s first ever strategic plan safeguarding key priorities regardless of changes in leadership. We completed four financial au dits, filed outstanding tax returns, created a zero-based budget, a new investment strategy and formed a finance committee.” President Robinson highlighted her efforts to reach out to chapters and affiliates of ACA saying that “I’ve been delighted to be invited to multiple chapter events, over the past two years, and to have the op portunity to see their passion and quality of work being done at the chapter level.” She described the new “sim plified logo” and the “return of Corrections Today to hard copy” as well as new ventures like “launching ACAConnect a new membership and communication platform.” Turning to a more recent an nouncement, President Robinson

Spring 2025 | Corrections Today

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News&Views

IN MEMORIAM

T he American Correctional Association (ACA), together with the Correctional Peace Officers Foundation (CPOF), extends its deepest sympathy and heartfelt condolences to the families, friends, and colleagues of fallen correctional officers. These brave men and women, whose End of Watch marked a profound loss to our community, served with unwavering dedication and courage, often under difficult and dangerous conditions. Their sacrifice will never be forgotten as we honor their memory and stand united, remembering the ultimate price they paid in the line of duty. CT

Jovian Motley Correctional Officer III EOW: 11/13/2023 J. Dale Wainwright Unit TX

Russell Jones Detention Sergeant EOW: 12/6/2023 Pamlico County Sheriff’s Office NC

The list of fallen correctional staff is curated, maintained by, and the property of the Correctional Peace Officers Foundation. It is printed with the written consent of CPOF. The titles listed in this list depict the title of the correctional staff member at their time of death. Please send any corrections to mail@cpof.org.

MEMBERS SPOKE AND ACA LISTENED: “We want to feel supported and connected in the corrections community”

Introducing ACAConnect! ACAConnect is a members-only dedicated platform where you can connect, collaborate, and share resources with like-minded correctional professionals who truly understand our field. Highlight important events, join vibrant communities, and even share a laugh or two with career-driven colleagues. As proud members of the American Correctional Association, you’re invited to join this dynamic space where the best in our profession come together. Step into the story by introducing yourself — it’s more than a community; it’s an evolving journey, and we’re building something extraordinary together.

We’d love your feedback on

Corrections Today to help us improve and serve you better! SEND US YOUR FEEDBACK AT PUBLICATIONS@ACA.ORG

ACA MEMBERS: Visit acaconnections.org to start connecting today!

Corrections Today | Spring 2025

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News&Views

CORRECTIONAL CHAPLAIN PERSPECTIVES

Walking with the wounded Trauma-informed ministry in prisons By Sheridan Correa C orrectional chaplains play a vital role in minister

ing to incarcerated individuals, many of whom bear deep emotional, psychological, and spiritual wounds. Trauma-informed care provides chaplains with the framework to engage the incar cerated in a way that promotes healing rather than perpetuating harm and retraumatiz ing individuals.

Photo courtesy Geri Simpkins Photography

Understanding trauma in the incarcerated population The U.S. governmental agency, Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration (SAM SHA), defines trauma as: “Trauma results from an event, series of events, or set of circumstances that is experienced by an individual as physically or emotionally harmful or threatening and that has lasting

adverse effects on the individual’s functioning and physical, social, emotional, and spiritual well-being.” 1 This definition implies that trauma impacts a person over their lifespan. Also, trauma affects all aspects of human life and compels the need to serve and requires special care for the mind, body, and soul. 2 Many incarcerated individuals come from backgrounds marked by significant trauma, often beginning

By recognizing the trauma many incarcerated individuals have en dured, chaplains can help create a health-enhancing pathway toward restoration and wholeness. This perspective has shaped my personal journey in healing and in ministry, which has led me to value walking alongside traumatized individuals in ways that I may be involved in the healing process.

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CORRECTIONAL CHAPLAIN PERSPECTIVES

in childhood. Studies show that those in prison, compared to the general population, have a history of abuse, domestic violence, aban donment, neglect, poverty, systemic discrimination, and early exposure to crime. 3 These traumatic and stressful experiences shape their behaviors, responses, and coping mechanisms which are often mis understood or misjudged. Many of the actions that land people in prison are connected to unresolved and untreated trauma that results in maladaptive responses like ag gression, addiction, or isolation. It is important to recognize that these behaviors are often expres sions of pain rather than deliberate rebellion. 4 Many of the actions that land people in prison are connected to unresolved and untreated trauma that results in maladaptive responses like aggression, addiction, or isolation. When we understand trauma through this lens, we can become part of the solution, offering compassion and care rather than unintentionally reinforcing the cycles of pain that keep inmates trapped. Trauma-informed care is an approach that recognizes the presence of trauma symptoms and

acknowledges the role that trauma can play in people’s lives. The goal is to prevent re-traumatization and promote healthy rehabilita tion. 5 Without a trauma-informed approach, therapeutic and min istry efforts may miss the mark, and sometimes, unknowingly, can lengthen the healing and rehabilita tion process. Effects of trauma can manifest in the following ways: – Hypervigilance or anxiety: Constant alertness to potential danger and restlessness. – Withdrawal or isolation: As a means of self-protection. – Substance abuse or aggres sion: Coping mechanisms for deeper pain management. Chaplains can benefit from recog nizing these behaviors as symptoms of trauma rather than signs of rebel lion or disrespect. Understanding the full spectrum of trauma allows chaplains to respond with empathy, patience, and grace, reflecting the love and compassion in a tangible way. Principles of trauma-informed care for chaplains Creating environments that are sensitive to the needs of trauma sur vivors and able to promote healing and recovery is the goal of trauma informed care. SAMSHA has six key guiding principles of a trauma informed approach in serving the incarcerated population 1 : 1. Safety : People are at their

Creating a safe space is foun dational in trauma-informed care. For trauma survivors, feeling secure—physically, emotionally, and spiritu ally—is vital. For incarcerated persons who have faced vio lence or neglect, the prison environment can feel like a continuation of their trauma. Chaplains can offer a sense of emotional and spiritual safety by being consistent, patient, and respectful, creating a ref uge where inmates can begin to heal. Chaplains can con tribute to this by maintaining a non-judgmental and calm demeanor, offering consisten cy in their care, and respecting boundaries. 2. Trustworthiness and Trans parency: Building trust is key to any pastoral relationship, but it’s especially important when working with trauma survivors. Trust is often shattered for trauma survi vors, especially in systems of authority, namely from the home. Chaplains can be intentional in building trust by being transparent, depend able, and empathetic. Healing begins when incarcerated individuals realize they can rely on someone to see them not just as prisoners, but as people. 3. Peer Support and Communi ty: Encouraging incarcerated persons to connect with each

best and most productively resilient when they feel emo tionally and physically safe.

other in positive, support ive ways is a critical part of

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News&Views

Becoming part of the solution The main goal for chaplains is to be part of the solution in an incar cerated person’s journey toward healing. This means moving beyond surface-level interactions to un derstanding the deep wounds that many of the incarcerated carry. The following key directives are how chaplains can contribute to healing: – Practice unconditional love: Radical acceptance involves embracing people as they are, without conditions or limitations. The incarcerated population can be weighed down by shame and guilt, but chaplains can model love and compassion by accepting them fully, showing them, they are not defined by their past mis takes or the trauma they have endured. trauma recovery. Incarcerated persons who have experienced abandonment or betrayal need to know that someone cares and will stay with them, even when their behavior is difficult or when healing seems slow. – Help them process their trauma: Offering spiritual direction that acknowledges – Provide constant and consis tent care: Consistency is key in the reality of trauma. Chap lains can guide incarcerated persons in exploring how their experiences have shaped their perceptions of themselves, God, others, and their world view. Being available, prayer, reflection, and counseling can provide avenues for the incar cerated to process their trauma in the context of faith.

healing. Trauma often iso lates, and chaplains can help the incarcerated rediscover the power of healthy com munity, especially within faith-based settings. 4. Collaboration and Mutuality: Forming a partnership where both the chaplain and incar cerated individual actively participate in spiritual care values the individual’s input and autonomy. Focusing on shared humanity, rather than from an authority position, aims to reduce any power dynamics and build respect. 5. Empowerment, Voice, and Choice: Trauma survivors of ten feel powerless, victimized,

and don’t have a voice. Chap lains can restore a sense of control by offering incarcerat ed person’s choices—whether it’s deciding how they wish to engage in spiritual practices, or simply being given the chance to participate in shap ing their journey. Gender Considerations: In a diverse prison population, chaplains must be sensitive to how cultural backgrounds, gender, and personal history shape an inmate’s experience of trauma. A one-size-fits all approach doesn’t work. Understanding these layers of identity helps chaplains minister more effectively.

6. Cultural, Historical, and

Photo courtesy Geri Simpkins Photography

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CORRECTIONAL CHAPLAIN PERSPECTIVES

– Support healing practices: Encourage restorative practices such as prayer, journaling, Bi ble study, and group worship. These spiritual disciplines can help support and strengthen incarcerated persons process ing their trauma, building positive habits, healthy rela tionships, and beginning the journey of healing in a safe environment. One of the most profound ways chaplains can support trauma survivors is through the ministry of presence — being present with them in their pain without rushing to fix or judge. My personal reflection: A place to belong Today, I live and am healing from trauma because God’s uncondi tional loving presence found me and restored me. Also, I was cared for by several safe people who con stantly loved me without judgment or condemnation. In my own ministry and trauma healing journey, I have learned that creating a safe, support ive, and non-judgmental environment with the power of presence are key elements in fostering a sense of be longing and promoting healing. 6

Recognizing a person’s pain and affirming their dignity can be incredibly powerful. Realizing true healing begins when a person feels truly seen, heard, and understood rather than judged or dismissed. Incarcerated individuals often feel invisible, reduced to numbers or negative labels, but when a chaplain can acknowledge their humanity, the trauma they have endured and how it has affected them, it can open the door to healing. One of the most profound ways chaplains can support trauma survivors is through the ministry of presence — being present with them in their pain without rushing to fix or judge. Trauma-informed care emphasizes partnership rather than power. Chaplains have the opportunity to walk alongside the incarcerated in their journey of healing, providing guidance but not control. This involves empower ing them to take ownership of their spiritual and emotional growth, of fering support as they navigate their trauma and seek transformation. Conclusion: A ministry of healing and transformation Correctional chaplains have the opportunity and privilege of being part of the solution for incarcer ated persons who have been deeply wounded by trauma. By adopting a trauma-informed approach, chap lains can help the incarcerated not only meet their spiritual needs but also help to avoid re-traumatizing themselves as well as others. The outcome will be increased safety for all, decreased recidivism, and an enhanced healing process. 7

Recognizing a history of trauma in an incarcerated person’s life al lows chaplains to minister in ways that heal rather than harm. Through a trauma-informed care pathway of presence, faith, and a commit ment to walk alongside the trauma survivor in their healing journey, chaplains reflect the essence of love and compassion. This approach helps inmates rediscover their value and worth, and begin the journey toward a new, restored life. CT REFERENCES 1 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2014. SAMSHA’s Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma Informed Approach. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4884. 2 Yoo, Rev. Dr. Sanghoon. 2022. Caring for Trauma in the Church. Routledge. 3 Bloom, Sandra L. 1997. Creating Sanctuary: Toward the Evolution of Sane Societies. Independently published. 4 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2014. Trauma Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4801. 5 DeVeaux, Mika’il. 2013. The Trauma of the Incarceration Experience. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol. 48, pp. 257-277. 6 Correa, Sheridan. 2022. A Place to Belong: The Story of Sheridan Correa. Victorious Living Magazine, 2022(3):18-20. Available at: A Place to Belong - Victorious Living Magazine 7 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2024. How Being Trauma-Informed Improves the Criminal Justice System Responses. Policy Research Associates, Inc. p 6.

Sheridan Correa is the Prison Outreach Wellness Program Director, Trauma-Informed Biblical Counselor, at Victorious Living Ministries in Greenville, North Carolina.

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NIJ UPDATE

Body-worn cameras in correctional facilities A review of recent NIJ-funded research in Loudoun County Adult Detention Center By Kyleigh Clark-Moorman, Ph.D.

The opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official posi tion or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. T he use of body-worn cameras in criminal justice has grown in recent years. A significant number of law enforcement agencies are acquiring and deploying body worn cameras to increase officer safety and quality of evidence and better address civilian complaints and agency liability. 1 In 2016, 45% of law enforcement agencies had at least some body-worn cameras in service, including 78% of the largest local police departments. As of 2021, seven states mandated body-worn cameras for all police officers, and in 2022 President Biden ordered federal law enforcement agencies to use body-worn cameras. 3, 4 Correctional departments have likewise become interested in us ing body-worn cameras to enhance operations. They have begun us ing body-worn cameras for special operations and emergency-response units, with recent deployments throughout both state prisons

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and county jails. 5, 6 The goals of body-worn camera programs in correctional facilities include reduc ing violent interactions and staff misconduct and increasing transpar ency and accountability, which can ultimately enhance security. To date, several states use body-worn cam eras in their facilities, including New York, Wisconsin, and Florida, with other states in the planning stages. 7 There is little research on the impact of body-worn cameras in correctional facilities despite their increase in use. In response to this,

the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) funded CNA Corporation to conduct an in-depth evalua tion on body-worn cameras in Loudoun County Adult Detention Center (LCADC), which con cluded in 2023. 8 CNA researchers found that, after the deployment of body-worn cameras, there was both a significant reduction in events where deputies responded to resident resistance, as well as a reduction in resident injuries dur ing such events, despite an increase in negative deputy perceptions of

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Evaluation of body-worn cameras in the Loudoun County Adult Detention Center To address gaps in research, NIJ funded CNA to complete an evaluation on the use of body-worn cameras in the LCADC, a jail operat ed by the Loudoun County, Virginia, sheriff’s office. 15 The evaluation sought to answer three research questions: 1. How will the introduction

staff-resident relations. Overall, this research shows that body-worn cameras may help enhance safety and security; additional research is needed to understand the full impacts on staff and residents. Past research on body-worn cameras The majority of research on body-worn cameras has been on their use in law enforcement agen cies. 9 Although some studies have identified benefits, others show no impact and even negative effects. A 2020 systematic review of 30 methodologically rigorous stud ies showed no consistent effect on officer use of force, officer injuries, officer-initiated calls for service, traf fic stops, field interviews, or arrest incidents. 10 The inconsistent results warrant additional research to better understand when and how body worn cameras may be effective in law enforcement. While the use of body-worn cameras hold promise for the crimi nal justice system, their adoption and use in correctional facilities has gone virtually unstudied. 11 Of the research that exists, the majority of evaluations focus on correctional officer attitudes in New Zealand and Australia. 12 These studies col lectively found that body-worn cameras may enhance security and safety, but correctional officers expressed a number of reserva tions, such as skepticism about the ability of body-worn cameras to change the behavior of incarcerated individuals and concerns with foot age being used to monitor officer performance. 13, 14

housed maximum-, medium-, and minimum-security level men and women, and many individuals had a length of stay of two weeks or less. LCADC had 124 staff members, including 22 supervisors and 102 front-line deputies, who supervised a total of 12 units, including eight housing units (20 pods total) and four general units (medical, hall ways, intake, and transportation). CNA researchers used a randomized controlled trial — often considered the gold standard method for evaluating outcomes — to measure impacts. CNA researchers used a ran domized controlled trial — often considered the gold standard method for evaluating outcomes — to measure impacts. Randomized controlled trials involve randomly assigning study participants into treatment and control groups to establish causality between an in tervention and a defined outcome. 17 Randomized controlled trials are the preferred methodology when attempting to determine causal ity for several reasons, including their ability to compare outcomes between two groups — the treat ment and control groups — while controlling for intervening fac tors thereby ensuring changes in the treatment group outcomes are

of body-worn cameras in an adult jail affect the number of response-to-resistance events by deputies and the number of resident injuries associated with such events? 16

2. How will the introduction

of body-worn cameras in an adult jail affect organizational processes and efficiencies as measured by the time and resources expended to investigate and resolve re sponse-to-resistance events? 3. How will correctional deputies feel about the introduction of body-worn cameras, and how will these devices affect their perceptions of staff-resident relationships? To answer these questions, the CNA study team implemented a 12-month randomized controlled trial from November 2, 2020, to October 31, 2021, and collected data using a mixed-methods design. Dur ing this time, the LCADC had an average daily population of 222 indi viduals, the majority of whom were being held pre-trial. The facility

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attributable to the intervention rather than another factor. In this study, researchers ran domly assigned units rather than individual deputies using a clus tered randomized controlled trial approach. Each month, the CNA team randomly assigned each of the 12 units into six treat ment units where deputies were required to wear body-worn cam eras, and six control units where deputies continued to operate under business-as-usual without body-worn cameras. The team then collected informa tion to examine the intervention’s impact including: (1) surveys of deputies; (2) interviews of jail leaders, deputies, and external jail stakeholders; (3) a focus group with deputies who served on the Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) team; (4) observations of jail operations and body-worn camera trainings; (5) review and analysis of jail administrative data, including response to resistance events and resident injuries; and (6) review and analysis of data col lected from stationary cameras and body-worn camera footage.

The dataset included information for each responding deputy and included: – Location of the response-to resistance event. – Shift. – Level of resident resistance, categorized as level 1: passive cal evasive movements), or level 3: aggressive (attacking movements that may cause injury). – Service activity underway at the time of the response-to (verbal or physical refusal to comply), level 2: active (physi resistance, categorized as a cell extraction, escort, event within unit, intake, or other. – Resident injury. – Reason for the use of force, cat egorized as resident assaultive/ combative, resident noncompli ant, or other. – Type of force used, categorized as physical controls (active countermeasures, arm-bar takedowns, close-quarter strikes, empty-hand controls, pressure point controls); restraint controls (emergency restraint chair, handcuffs, hobble restraint, spit-hood); or weapon controls (OC spray, personal weapon, or taser). The study team used the loca tion of the event to determine additional data — including resident sex, security level, and residential capacity — and statis tically compared characteristics of response-to-resistance events between those with body-worn cameras and those without, while also controlling for other factors. 20

Body-worn cameras were as

sociated with a decrease in response-to-resistance events and active resistance from residents, the use of physical controls, and resi dent injuries during those events. CNA researchers determined that there was a statistically significant reduction in response-to-resistance events when body-worn cameras were present. Specifically, there was a 40% decrease in response-to resistance events when a unit had body-worn cameras. – In terms of response-to-resis significantly associated with a 52% reduction in active resis tance from residents during the events. – There was not a significant difference in passive or aggres sive resistance from residents during response-to-resistance events when comparing units with or without body-worn cameras. – There were considerably lower instances of passive (n = 18) and aggressive resistance (n = 12) than active resistance (n = 67), making it more difficult to statistically detect meaningful relationships. – Body-worn cameras were also significantly associated with a 37% reduction in the use of physical controls during response-to-resistance events. – There was not a significant dif ference in the use of restraint controls or weapon controls between units with and with out body-worn cameras during the study period. tance event characteristics: – Body-worn cameras were

Results RTRs and resident injuries

To determine the impact of body-worn cameras on response to-resistance events and resident injuries, CNA researchers analyzed LCADC administrative data per taining to responses to resistance and resident injuries. 18 There were 97 response to resistance events in LCADC over the study period. 19

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NIJ UPDATE

associated with any required insti tutional medical care, it is possible there could be cost savings. CNA researchers did not estimate the cost associated with each event or injury, but they did estimate that each $5,876 spent on the program was equal to one prevented response-to resistance events, while each $19,831 was equal to one prevented injury. There may be additional cost sav ings associated with improvements in evidence collection, enhanced transparency or accountability, and a reduction in possible lawsuits, although these were not estimated as part of this project.

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CNA researchers also explored the impact of body-worn cameras on resident injuries as a result of response-to-resistance events. The presence of body-worn cameras in a unit was significantly associated with a 58% reduction in resident injuries during these events. Cost effectiveness The research team also examined whether using body-worn cameras was cost effective. Administrative data was used to measure costs associated with the body-worn camera program, which considered equipment and startup costs, initial training costs, and staff time necessary to administer the program and investigate response to-resistance events. In total, the body-worn camera program was estimated to cost $158,647 over the one-year study pe riod. 21 Equipment and startup costs accounted for nearly 70% of these costs ($106,155). The body-worn

cameras were the largest single ex penditure ($70,803 for 60 cameras). Initial training costs were $17,149. Although there were significantly fewer response-to-resistance events in units with body-worn cameras, there was a large increase in person nel time dedicated to investigating those events — specifically $536 per event in units without body worn cameras and $1,959 in units with body-worn cameras, totaling $35,343 in additional costs. This increase was driven by the need for extra hours for second lieutenants, who were primarily responsible for the investigations, which required a thorough review of all video evidence. However, prevention of response to-resistance events and resident injuries could help offset increased investigation costs. LCADC of ficials reported that no resident injuries in treatment units required offsite medical services. While they were unable to break down costs

CNA researchers determined that there was a statistically

significant reduction in response-to-resistance events when body-worn cameras were present.

Deputy perspectives The CNA study team surveyed LCADC deputies two months before implementing body-worn camera use (by randomly assign ing units), halfway through their use, and one month after their use. 22 Researchers wanted to understand what deputies thought about using body-worn cameras in their jobs. A total of 117 out of 124 (94%) par ticipated in the pre-implementation survey, 84 in the halfway-point

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