Corrections_Today_September-October_2022_Vol.84_No.5

n Education

predictors of success upon release (Bozick et al., 2014; Austin, 2017; Gaes, 2008). Additional studies presented evidence educational programming in prisons can help offenders manage their incarceration through improved critical thinking and choice-making through positive and encouraging prison education environments (Reese, 2017; Kallman, 2020; Austin, 2017). Implications of the literature reviewed include the following suggestions. State and federal funding should be provided for the purpose of offering and increas ing educational opportunities for incarcerated adults. Increasing the amount of funding provided would allow for a larger portion of the population in prison to par ticipate and benefit from educational programming. If limited programming exists, it should be directed toward the offenders who can benefit most from participation. A risk-needs assessment may be beneficial in determin ing who should be included in the target population. A focus on critical thinking skills and earning credentials from educational programs is also helpful. These skills help offenders learn to make better choices and make a living wage to support themselves and their families, thus meeting the current goal of prisons to rehabilitate the offender to become productive, viable, long-term members of society. References A ustin, J. (2017). Limits of prison education. Criminology & Public Policy, 16 (2), 563-569. https://doi-org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/10.1111/1745 9133.12301 Baillargeon, J., Binswanger, I. A., Murray, O. J., Penn, J. V., & Williams, B. A. (2009). Psychiatric disorders and repeat incarcerations: The revolving prison door. The American Journal of Psychiatry , 166 (1), 103–109. https://doi. org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08030416 Banich, M. T., Bardell, L., Boileau, R. A., Chason, J., Cohen, N. J., Colcombe, A., Hahn, S., Harrison, C. R., Kramer, A. F., McAuley, E., J., & Vakil, E. (1999). Ageing, fitness, and neurocognitive function. Nature, 400 , 418-419. https://doi.org.10.1038/22682 B inder, R., & Hirschtritt, M. (2017). Interrupting the mental illness–incar ceration-recidivism cycle. JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association , 317 (7), 695–696. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.20992 Bozick, R., Davis, L. M., Miles, J. N., Saunders, J., Steele, J. L., Steinberg, P. S, Turner, S., & Williams, M. V. (2014). How effective is correctional education, and where do we go from here? The results of a comprehensive evaluation. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR564.html Brazzell, D., Crayton, A., Lindahl, N., Mukamal, D. A., & Solomon, A. L. (2009). From the classroom to the community: Exploring the role of education during incarceration and reentry. PsycEXTRA Dataset . https://doi.org/10.1037/ e692852011-001

C astro, E. L., Hardison, T., Hunter, R. K., & Johnson-Ojeda, V. (2018). The landscape of postsecondary education in prison and the influence of second chance pell: An analysis of transferability, credit-bearing status, and accreditation. The Prison Journal, 98 (4), 405–426. https://doi. org/10.1177/0032885518776376 C ochran, J., Motz, R. T., Nedelec, J. L., & Silver, I. A. (2020). Academic achievement and the implications for prison program effectiveness and reentry. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 47 (7), 848-866. https://doi. org.10.1177/00938548209 C ourtney, J. (2019). The relationship between prison education programs . The Journal of Correctional Education, 70 (3), 43-54. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/26864369 D uke, B. (2018). A meta-analysis comparing educational attainment prior to incarceration and recidivism rates in relation to correctional education. Journal of Correctional Education , 69 (1), 44–59. https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy. liberty.edu/docview/2226388215?pq-origsite=summon D unleavy, E., Greenberg, E., & Kutner, M. (2008). Literacy behind bars: Results from the 2003 national assessment of adult literacy prison survey chapter 4: Education and job training in prison. The Journal for Vocational Special Needs Education, 30 (2), 27-33. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2007/2007473. pdf G aes, G. G. (2008, March 31). The impact of prison education programs on post-release outcomes. [Paper presentation]. Reentry Roundtable on Education, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York. H arte, J. M., Jonker, F. A., Meijers, J., Meynen, G. (2015). Prison brain? Executive dysfunction in prisoners. Frontiers in Psychology , 6 (43), 1-6. https:// doi-org.10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00043 H ughes, J. S., Inman, V., Sandel, A., & Yelderman, L. A. (2021). Beliefs about an offender’s capacity to be rehabilitated: Black offenders are seen as more capable of change. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, (43) 6, 406-422. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2021.1982714 K allman, M. E. (2020). “Living more through knowing more: College education in prison classrooms.” Adult Education Quarterly, 70 (4), 321-339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741713619889589 J ames, N. (2015) . Offender reentry: Correctional statistics, reintegration into the community, and recidivism. Congressional Research Service. https://fas.org/ sgp/crs/misc/RL34287.pdf J ustice, B. (2000). “A College of Morals”: Educational Reform at San Quentin Prison, 1880-1920. History of Education Quarterly, 40 (3), 279-301. doi:10.2307/369554 M iller, A. A., Romig, J. E., & Therrien, W. J. (2019). Reducing recidivism: Transition and reentry practices for detained and adjudicated youth with disabilities. Education and Treatment of Children, 42 (3), 409-438. https://doi. org/10.1353/35c.2019.0019 N ational Institute of Justice. (2019). Measuring Recidivism . https://nij.ojp.gov/ topics/articles/ measuring-recidivism#statistics L aufersweiler-Dwyer, D. & McAnelly, B. (1999). From phosphate mines to diplomas…the history of correctional education in Florida. Journal of Correctional Education 50 (4), 112-122. https://ezproxy.liberty.edu/ login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=1 3669605&site=ehost-live&scope=site \

36 — September/October 2022 Corrections Today