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American Correctional Association Corrections Today May/June 2021 Vol. 83, No. 3

Features 20

Rising to the Challenge of Change Transitional Care Unit By Alison Leukefeld, Ph.D., Maegan Malespini, Psy.D., and Kathryn Morris, Psy.D.

National Correctional Officers and Employees Week: Last Chance to Send Us Your Photos!

26 Virtual Winter Conference Overview By Floyd Nelson

Photo courtesy Ellis Williams, AV Specialist, Photographer

Click here to send your NCOEW photos by June 1, 2021 to publications@aca.org

Cover background image: istock/Ali Kahfi

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Chapters and affiliates

Alabama Council on Crime and Delinquency—Albany Criminal Justice Association—Alston Wilkes Society—American Catholic Correctional Ministries—American Correctional Health Services Association—American Institute of Architects—American Jail Association—American Probation and Parole Association—Appalachian State University Student Chapter— Arizona Probation, Parole and Corrections Association—Arizona State University ACA Student Chapter—Association for Correctional Research and Information Management—Association of Correctional Food Service Affiliates—Association of Paroling Authorities International—Association of State Correctional Administrators—Association of Programs for Female Offenders—Association of Women Executives in Corrections—Bellmont High School Student Chapter—Brown Mackie College ACA Student Chapter— California Probation, Parole and Correctional Association—Caribbean Correctional Association—Champlain Valley Educational Services— Clayton State University Justice Society—Colorado Criminal Justice Association—Columbia-Greene Community College—Criminal Justice Club Student Chapter—Concordia University Sociology of Law & Justice Club—Connecticut Criminal Justice Association—Correctional Accreditation Managers Association—Correctional Association of Massachusetts— Correctional Education Association—Correctional Healthcare Providers of the United States—Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators—District of Columbia Criminal Justice Association—Eastern Kentucky University Corrections and Juvenile Justice Student Association—Family and Corrections Network—Florida Council on Crime and Delinquency—Harrison College Criminal Justice Association Student Chapter—Hawaii Criminal Justice Association—Historical Association for Corrections—Illinois Correctional Association—Indiana Criminal Justice Association—Integrated Correctional Association of the Philippines (ICAP) Inc.—International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology—International Association of Correctional Training Personnel—International Correctional Arts Network—International Corrections and Prisons Association— International Community Corrections Association—Iowa Corrections Association—Jamaica Federation of Corrections—ITT-Technical Institute ACA Student Chapter—Ivy Tech Community College Terre Haute Branch ACA Student Chapter—Juvenile Justice Trainers Association—Kansas Correctional Association—Kentucky Council on Crime and Delinquency

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OFFICERS President Tony C. Parker, Tennessee Immediate Past President Gary C. Mohr, Ohio Vice President Tony M. Wilkes, Tennessee President-Elect Denise M. Robinson, Ohio Treasurer Harbans S. Deol, Ph.D., Nebraska Board of Governors Representatives Elizabeth F. “Beth” Arthur Derrick D. Schofield, Ph.D. Secretary James A. Gondles Jr., CAE, Virginia EDITORIAL STAFF EDITOR-IN-CHIEF James A. Gondles Jr., CAE Acting Managing Editor Jeffrey Washington GRAPHICS AND PRODUCTION STAFF Graphic Designer Carla DeCarlo ADVERTISING AND MARKETING STAFF Director, Conventions, Advertising and Corporate Relations Kelli McAfee Production Coordinator Mary Misisco ACA Executive Office and Directors Executive Director James A. Gondles Jr., CAE Deputy Executive Director Jeffrey Washington senior executive Assistant India Vargas Communications and Publications Acting Director Jeffrey Washington

Article and photo submissions: Managing Editor, 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314; email submissions@aca.org. Articles must be in Microsoft Word. Please include all contact information. Unless expressly requested in writing, all photos and artwork submitted become the property of ACA and may be used in future ACA publications. Articles and photos will not be returned unless expressly requested by author. Microfilm: Corrections Today is available for electronic reproduction through ProQuest Information and Learning Co., 300 N. Zeeb Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346; 313-761-4700.

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Statements contained in Corrections Today are the personal views of the authors and do not constitute ACA policy unless so indicated. ACA does not assume responsibility for the content of Corrections Today as submitted by contributors, reserves the right to edit all articles and, if necessary, condense them. The publication of any advertisement by ACA is neither an endorsement of the advertiser nor of the products or services advertised. ACA is not responsible for any claims made in advertisements. Mission statement: The American Correctional Association provides a professional organization for all individuals and groups, both public and private, that share a common goal of improving the justice system. Corrections Today ( ISSN 0190-2563, USPS 019-640) is published six times a year in January/February, March/April, May/June, July/August, September/October, November/ December by the American Correctional Association, 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314; 703-224-0000. Periodicals postage paid at Alexandria, VA 22314 and additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to Corrections Today, Attn: Membership Department, 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314. Subscriptions are included in annual membership dues. Nonmember subscription rates are $25 per year for Corrections Today ($36 value) or $6 per issue. Send change of address notice and a recent mailing label to Membership and Customer Service Department, ACA, 60 days before the actual change of address. ACA will not replace undelivered copies resulting from an address change. Printed in USA. Vol. 83, No. 3. Copyright 2021 by the American Correctional Association.

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Conventions, Advertising and Corporate Relations Director Kelli McAfee Financial Services and Human Resources Director William Lake Membership and Customer Service Director Roberta Gibson International Initiatives Director Elizabeth Gondles, Ph.D. — Senior Director Office of Correctional Health Director Elizabeth Gondles, Ph.D. — Senior Director Mike Miskell, MPH, CHES ® — Director Standards and Accreditation Director David Haasenritter Professional Development Director Elizabeth Gondles, Ph.D. — Senior Director Doreen Efeti, MPH, MBA, MCHES ® , DHSc — Director Information Technology Director Crystal Rock

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Corrections Today May/June 2021 — 3

6 News&Views

6 From Jim’s Desk 8 Correctional Chaplain Perspectives 12 NIJ Update

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37 ACA Featured Departments

38 Welcome New Members 40 Certification List 42 Celebrating Greatness — Award Nominations Forms 52 Professional Development Update 56 Accreditation Byline 60 Corrections Calendar 62 Index to Advertisers/ Product Index

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The American Correctional Association is fully engaged in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. ACA has taken the lead to provide its members around the world with vital information geared to protecting the health and safety of correctional professionals everywhere. From webinars, produced by ACA’s Office of Correctional Health, to the latest information that focuses on managing the stress of uncertainty by taking care of you, ACA’s re- sponse has been intelligent, knowledgeable and thorough. In an unprecedented display of servant-leadership, ACA has brought together its sponsors, supporters and other correctional organizations to give valuable and much need- ed resources to those who need it at no charge. To stay abreast of this “emerging, rapidly evolving situation,” we en- courage you to visit the ACA website regularly. There you will find online COVID-19 resources, important information, messages from our leadership and ACA’s “Wall of Honor” which lists our correctional heroes who gave their last full measure in fighting this insidious virus.

4 — May/June 2021 Corrections Today

The Wall of Honor

A dedication to the corrections professionals who gave their last full measure.

When the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic struck, lives were upended every- where. Some lives were lost and, unfortunately, the loss of life continues to rise daily. Most of us know that it is the “first responders” to whom we owe an unpayable debt. And among those brave individuals, standing front and center, are the proud men and women of corrections. It is with heavy hearts that we join grief-stricken families and loved ones to express our heartfelt sympathies for those who have died be- cause of this insidious virus. Visit www.aca,org to view the most current list of names of the corrections professionals who gave their last full measure.

Visit www.aca.org and click on the “Wall of Honor” spotlight link.

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From Jim’s Desk nEWS&vIEWS

Nashville 2021 Re-imagined

A s I write this, plans are in motion for the ACA to con- vene in August for the 151 st Congress of Correction. While we did not have the opportunity to celebrate 150 years of our existence in our birth city of Cincinnati, we consider 2021 as our 151 st Congress of Cor- rection. In our past during some war years, the ACA was not present, so we are following precedent in naming this year, our 151 st Congress. We are planning a virtual Con- gress for those individuals who are unable to travel yet due to travel restrictions, individuals not feeling comfortable to travel, and/or Tennessee having limitations in place in August. Of course, I want to reiterate that future planning is still cloudy with regards to meetings, travel safety and our limitations. With that said, one thing I know for sure is that ACA members and attendees are anxious to see one another in-person. For too long we have visited over the phone, met through electronic means,

yourself, your friends and family and get vaccinated! Another possible change for the Nashville Conference are our dates and scheduled meeting order. For example, we are planning to have a General Session Friday afternoon for ACA members, Correctional Leaders Association (CLA) members, Coun- cil of Juvenile Justice Administrators (CJJA) members, and others to at- tend. By the time you read this, those changes will be announced and vis- ible on the ACA website homepage. While change is hard to accept at times, it is sometimes necessary. I want to encourage all of us to remain positive and do our best to embrace it. I look forward to seeing you in- person or virtually at the Nashville Conference. In the meantime, please stay safe!

In our past during some war years, the ACA was not

present, so we are following precedent in

naming this year, our 151 st Congress.

corresponded via email and text. It’s time for “people to be people” again ... even with continued mask wearing, social distancing and vac- cinations. By the way, I hope that each of you are taking advantage of getting your Covid-19 vaccine! Betty and I have been vaccinated and virtually every ACA employee has been vaccinated or in line to be. If you haven’t done so, please protect

James A. Gondles Jr., CAE ACA Executive Director

6 — May/June 2021 Corrections Today

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nEWS&vIEWS

Correctional Chaplain Perspectives

Attending to Those in Prison: The Abrahamic Mandate Mark Davies

J ohn Wesley (1703-1791), the founder of Methodism, wrote that there is “no holiness but social holiness.” 1 From his university days to the end of his life, Wesley himself ministered to those in prison — visiting them, seek- ing to alleviate their suffering, and working for systemic change in the prison system. 2 Yet the mandate to do so is not confined to Methodism or Protestantism or even Christianity as a whole but extends to Judaism and Islam as well. Attending to those in prison reflects an Abrahamic command, which is what this essay is about. Christianity Outreach to prisoners bookends the teaching ministry of Jesus of Nazareth. In his first sermon in his hometown, quoting Isaiah 61:1, Jesus proclaims that he has come “to preach (or proclaim) release (or pardon) to the captives” (Luke 4:18 (AT)). 3 In his last recorded sermon (Matthew 25:31-46), Jesus passes to us the baton to reach out to the poor and oppressed, including the prisoner. “I was in prison and you

visited me” (25:36). When asked when he had been in prison and they came to him, he responded, “Just as you did it to one of the least of these who are members of my family, you did it to me” (25:40). And the reward for those who do so is great, but the punishment for those who do not is equally great (Matthew 25:34, 41, 45-46).

As the popular theologian Wil- liam Barclay put it, “the lesson [of Matthew 25] is crystal clear — that God will judge us in accordance with our reaction to human need.” 4 To be sure, all this stems from Jesus’ admonition to love our neighbor as ourselves (Luke 10:27, quoting Leviticus 19:18). And “neighbor,” importunes Jesus in the parable of

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Correctional Chaplain Perspectives

the Good Samaritan, includes every- one (Luke 10:25-37), especially the poor and oppressed (like the man beset by robbers) and even one’s enemy (Matthew 5:44). And one can- not get much poorer and oppressed than being imprisoned. After all, if we were in prison would we not wish others to reach out to us, for, as Jesus, preached, “In everything do to others as you would have them do to you; for this is the law and the prophets” (Matthew 7:12). The Gold- en Rule then, too, dictates we reach out to those in prison. The letter to the Hebrews ad- monishes followers of Jesus to “[r] emember the prisoners, as though in prison with them” (13:3 (NASB)). The Greek for “in prison” (sundeō) means “bound together with” or “put in chains with.” Prisoner and non- prisoner alike are bound together in community; per Hebrews 10:33, prisoners are our partners, our com- panions, our sharers (koinōnoi). 5 As a Christian, one is called to follow Jesus (Matthew 10:38, 16:24; John 8:12, 12:26; 1 Peter 2:21), which includes obeying his commandments. “Whoever says, ‘I have come to know him [Jesus],’ but does not obey his commandments, is a liar,” writes the Apostle John (1 John 2:4). After all, as James, the brother of Jesus, wrote, “For just as the body without the spirit is dead, so faith without works is also dead” (James 2:26). And works, says Jesus in Matthew 25, includes outreach to prisoners. Bishop and church father John Chrysostom (ca. 347-407CE) reminds us “how easy” these injunc- tions of Jesus are. “He said not, I was in prison, and you set me free ...

but ... you came to me.” 6 These “are things which anyone can do,” writes Barclay. 7 How then can we not do them? How can we, as Christians, not reach out to prisoners?

intercedes to liberate the prisoner. “[T]he Lord beholds the earth from heaven to hear the groans of the prisoner, to release those condemned to death” (Psalm 102:20). “The Lord sets prisoners free” (Psalm 146:7); indeed, God “sets captives free in jubilation” (Psalm 68:7 (Alter)). This liberating activity lies not with the Lord alone but also in Second Isaiah with the Servant, variously identified as the prophet, the Messiah, or even Israel itself. 8 “The spirit of the Lord God is upon me, Because the Lord has anointed me; He has sent me ... To proclaim release to the captives, Liberation to the imprisoned” (Isaiah 61:1). The Pirke Avot, one of 63 trac- tates of the Mishnah, states: “The world stands on three things — the Torah, the [Temple] service, and loving acts of kindness” (1:2). 9 And according to the Talmud, such acts of kindness may determine whether one is saved from Gehenna and enters the future world (Sanh. 103b; Ned. 40a). 10 Thus, according to Ronald Eisenberg, “[n]ormative Judaism teaches that one should work ac- tively to bring the Messiah, by doing everything possible to perfect the world ( tikun olam ). ...” 11 One might also call to mind the words of the great Rabbi Hillel, as recorded in the Talmud. When asked to summarize the entire Jewish law (all 613 commandments) while standing on one foot, Rabbi Hillel re- plied, “What is hateful to you, do not to your neighbour: that is the whole Torah, while the rest is the commen- tary thereof; go and learn it.” 12 How then can we not treat prisoners as we ourselves would wish to be treated if we were in prison? →

After all, if we were in prison would we not wish others to reach out to us, for, as Jesus, preached, “In everything do to others as you would have them do to you; for this is the law and the prophets” (Matthew 7:12). Liberation from bondage and return to their homeland forms a central story of the Jewish people, celebrated every year at Passover. God “led Israel out with silver and gold” (Psalm 105:37) and “broke their bonds asunder” (Psalm 107:14). God even self-identifies as liberator: “I who brought you out of the land of Egypt to be your God, I the Lord” (Leviticus 22:33); “I the Lord am your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt” (Psalm 81:11). And throughout the Hebrew Scriptures, the Tanakh, God Judaism

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Indeed, as for those on prison, Gates of Prayer: The New Union Prayerbook reflects for each of us the mandate to reach out to the prisoner: And now, O Israel, what is it that the Lord your God demands of you? ... To ... bring out of prison the captive, and from their dungeons those who sit in darkness. You [God] are the Author of freedom; Help us to set free the captive. God of eternal might, through us send ... freedom to the captive. ... 13 Writing to the exiles in Baby- lon, Jeremiah begins his letter with the Lord’s instructions to “seek the welfare of the city to which I [the Lord] exiled you and pray for it to the Lord, for through its welfare you shall have welfare” (Jeremiah 29:7 (Alter)). One might suggest that, in the case of the incarcerated, the re- verse is no less true: that the welfare of our community lies, in part, in the welfare of those in prison. We must reach out to them. Islam The Quran does not expressly address outreach to prisoners, although it does require those holding prisoners of war to “give food, despite loving it, to ... the captive” (76:8). 14 In the absence of prisons to hold them, captives were distributed by the Prophet among Muslims of Madinah, who had to care for them, despite the scarcity of resources. 15

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In addition to the Quran, the Hadith (traditions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) address out- reach to prisoners. The Prophet said, “Feed the hungry, visit the sick, and set the captives free.” 16 He enjoined Muslims to treat captives well. 17 In- deed, one who mistreats a slave will not enter Paradise. 18 Among the pillars (arkān) of Islam is alms-giving (zakāh). 19 According to the Quran, It is not piety to turn your faces toward the east and indigent, the traveler, beg- gars, and for [the ransom of] slaves; and ... gives the alms. ... (2:177; see also 9:60) Indeed, writes Prof. Maria Massi Dakake, The provision for the west. Rather, piety is he who [in addition to prayer, etc.] ... gives wealth, despite loving it, to kinsfolk, orphans, the

verses that Muhammad received in Makkah. In these verses, caring for orphans, widows, and the needy is established as a religious obligation for which all Muslims are responsible before God; the neglect of this obligation is considered a prideful sin that will have harsh consequences on the Day of Judgment. 20 And few members of American society are as deeply indigent and as needy as prisoners — and their needs go far beyond spiritual needs alone. Furqan Mohamed says: This verse [Quran 9:60] reminds us that it is important for Muslims to understand Zakat as more than just

financial support. Zakat is for the poor and the needy, to ... those in shackles. ... We can interpret Zakat as doing right by those suffering through organizing. Zakat looks like social justice, specifically regarding prison abolition. 21

poorer and weaker mem- bers of society is one of the central themes of the earliest verses of the Quran — the

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Correctional Chaplain Perspectives

York: Women’s Division, General Board of Global Ministries, United Methodist Church; Gooch, John O. 2006. John Wesley for the 21st Century , 45, 78-84. Nashville: Discipleship Resources. 3 κηρύξαι αἰχμαλώτοις ἄφεσιν. Except as noted, quotations are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible (Christianity), the Jewish Publication Society translation of the Tanakh (Judaism), and the HarperOne The Study Quran translation of the Quran (Islam); quotations from the Greek New Testament are from 2012. Novum Testamentum Graece (28th ed.) (“NT28”) , ed. Barbara and Kurt Aland, et al. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibel Gesellschaft. 4 Barclay, William. 1975. The Gospel of Matthew, Daily Study Bible Series (rev. ed.) , 325. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press. 5 Danker, Frederick William. 2001. συνδέω and κοινωνός in Greek - English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (3rd ed.) (“BDAG”) . Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Mitchell, Alan C. 2007. Hebrews, Sacra Pagina , 293. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press; Johnson, Luke Timothy. 2006. Hebrews, New Testament Library , 270. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. 6 Chrysostom, John, Homily 79 on Matthew. Available at https://www.newadvent.org/ fathers/200179.htm. See also Justin. The First Apology, Ch. 67 (Weekly worship of the Christians). Available at https://www.newadvent. org/fathers/0126.htm. 7 Barclay, William. 1975. The Gospel of Matthew, Daily Study Bible Series (rev. ed.) , 325. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press. See also Davies, W.D., and D.C. Allison. 2004. Matthew 19-28, International Critical Commentary , 427. London: Bloomsbury. 8 Chapters 40-66 of Isaiah comprise Second Isaiah, though sometimes chapters 56-66 are further broken out as Third Isaiah. See Alter, Robert. 2019. The Hebrew Bible, Prophets , 617-618. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. The servant has been variously identified as the prophet, the Messiah, or even Israel itself. See Sommer, Benjamin D. 2004. Notes on Isaiah. In The Jewish Study Bible (Jewish Publication Society Translation) , ed. Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, 890-892. New York: Oxford

72, 89, 186. New York: Central Conference of American Rabbis. 14 See also Fiqh-us-Sunnah Volume 003, Zakaat and Fasting, Fiqh 3.073A and 3.103A. The Hadith may be found in English at http://hadithcollection. com/. 15 Lumbard, Joseph E.B. 2015. Notes on Surah 76. In The Study Quran , ed. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, 1453. New York: HarperOne. 16 Sahih Bukhari 5058. 17 Mu’jam Al-Babeer 18444. 18 Musnad Ahmad 32. 19 Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. 2003. Islam: Religion, History, and Civilization , 91. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. 20 Dakake, Maria Massi. 2015. Quranic Ethics, Human Rights, and Society. In The Study Quran , ed. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, 1799 (footnote omitted). New York: HarperOne. 21 Mohamed, Furqan. May 19, 2020. Mini Reminders: Rethinking the Importance of What Zakat Can Look Like. Amaliah . Available at https://www.amaliah.com/post/59258/mini- reminders-rethinking-importance-zakat-can- look-like. 22 See Islamic Information Portal. Feb. 26, 2013. Golden Rule in Islam. Available at http://islam.ru/ 24 Sharh Arba’een An-Nawawi, Hadith Number 13. 25 Sunan At-Tirmidhi, Book of Asceticism, Number 2305, Sahih. 26 Musnad Ahmad, Number 6768, Sahih. 27 Wesley, John. 1986. On Visiting the Sick, Sermon 98 (1786). In The Works of John Wesley, vol. III , ed. Albert C. Outler, 386 (footnote omitted). Nashville: Abingdon Press. Available at https://www.biblesnet.com/john-wesley-on- visiting-the-sick.pdf. en/content/story/golden-rule-islam. 23 Sahih Muslim, Book 1, Number 72.

Finally, the Golden Rule appears throughout the Hadith. 22 “ None of you has faith until he loves for his brother or his neighbor what he loves for himself.” 23 Of this teaching it has been said that “[i]t is better to interpret this as brotherhood in general, such that it includes the disbeliever and the Muslim.” 24 Accordingly, “[b] e kind to your neighbor and you will be a be- liever; love for the people what you love for yourself and you will be a Muslim.” 25 Indeed, “[w] hoever would love to be delivered from the Hellfire and entered into Paradise, then let him die with faith in Allah and the Last Day, and let him treat the people the way he would love to be treated.” 26 How then can we not reach out to those in prison? Conclusion The Abrahamic commands brook no dissent: we must attend to those in prison. In particular, we must treat them as we, if prisoners, would wish to be treated. After all, as John Wesley preached in Sermon 98, “Suppose this representation be true, suppose the Judge of all the earth speaks right, those and those only, that ... visit those that are in prison, according to their power and oppor- tunity, shall ‘inherit the everlasting kingdom.’And those that do not shall ‘depart into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels.’” 27 Suppose. A good question. Endnotes 1 Wesley, John. 1739. Preface. In Hymns and Sacred Poems , viii. London: William Strahan. Available at https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/ecco/ 004800840.0001.000/1:2?rgn=div1;view=fulltext. 2 See Yrigoyen, Jr., Charles. 1996. John Wesley: Holiness of Heart and Life , 24-26, 48-49. New

Mark Davies is an M.Div. student at Union Theological Seminary in New York City, doing a unit of clinical pastoral education visiting incarcerated women at Bedford Hills Correction

University Press. 9 Pirke Avot 1:2. 10 See Sanh. 103b; Ned. 40a.

11 Eisenberg, Ronald L. 2004. The JPS Guide to Jewish Traditions , 621, citing Avot of Rabbi Natan 31. 12 Sabbath 31a. In Babylonian Talmud . Available at http://www.come-and-hear.com/shabbath/ shabbath_31.html. 13 Central Conference of American Rabbis. 1975. Gates of Prayer: The New Union Prayerbook ,

Facility and interning for his field education at Interfaith Prison Partnership. He is also a retired attorney, retired law professor, and retired from 22 years of service as executive director of New York City’s ethics board.

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nEWS&vIEWS

NIJ Update

Female Re-entry and Gender-Responsive Programming Recommendations for Policy and Practice By Holly Ventura Miller, Ph.D.

Author’s Note: Findings and conclu- sions reported in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. P risoner re-entry remains one of the most significant challenges facing the crimi- nal justice system, as correctional facilities in the United States release approximately 600,000 individuals back into communities each year. About 78,000 of those individuals are women, equating to more than 200 every day.

most male offenders, manyof these incarcerated mothers have sole custody of their children and plan to resume their parenting role following release. The average female prisoner has about 2.5 children. Thus, in any given year, almost 200,000 American children experience the incarcera- tion and subsequent re-entry of their primary caregiver. Moreover, some research suggests that women are more amenable to treatment than men and experience lower recidivism rates than men, even when enrolled in comparable programs. 2 Female offenders are also more likely to suffer from co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders, putting them in the group at highest risk for recidivism and relapse and thus most in need of treatment. 3 Notably, while the number of women entering prisons and jails has grown significantly, a correspond - ing increase in programming has not materialized. 4 This article offers a review of the few interventions designed specifically for women and reports on the empirical evidence surrounding these efforts. Following

Although men in re-entry sig- nificantly outnumber women, the challenges confronting women returning from incarceration are formidable and complex, pointing to a need for specialized and appropri- ate re-entry programming. Those challenges upon release can include employment, addiction, mental ill- ness, housing, transportation, family reunification, childcare, parenting, and poor physical health. Importantly, the majority of incarcerated females are parents to children under the age of 18. 1 Unlike

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NIJ Update

a brief overview of the nature of fe- male offending, the article examines the movement toward gender- responsive programming, describes the programs and practices designed specifically for female offenders, and reviews the extant empirical litera- ture related to what works in female re-entry. Finally, recommendations for policy and practice are offered based on the current state of the empirical evidence related to re-entry more broadly. The nature of female offending and the rise of gender-responsive programming Substance use and addiction are integral to understanding female of- fending, as many women are arrested either for drug-related crimes (e.g., possession, sale, or manufactur- ing) or instrumental property crimes designed to enable the acquisition of drugs (e.g., theft to fund a drug habit). Men and women experience different pathways to crime and addiction, as well as alternative tra- jectories of drug use. 5 Women’s drug use and associated criminal behavior are more likely to transpire within interpersonal relationships and are strongly associated with the behavior of romantic partners. 6 Histories of childhood maltreatment and abuse, co-occurring psychiatric disorders, familial dysfunction, and negative self-concept are also more common among criminally involved females compared to males. 7 Women in the criminal justice system are more likely than the general population to suffer from a number of mental health disorders,

including depression, anxiety, borderline personality disorder, and especially, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 8 Similarly, female offenders are more likely than males to report both substance use and prior mental illness and to be diag- nosed with co-occurring conditions, which has significant implications for re-entry, as both conditions are predictive of higher recidivism and relapse rates. 9,10 Notably, while the number of women entering prisons and jails has grown

make women more amenable to rehabilitation. In particular, program- ming that includes mental health components, supplementary services addressing female-specific top - ics, treatment for trauma, aftercare, childcare, and parenting classes has been linked to reductions in relapse and increases in treatment retention following release. 12 Re-entry programming for women Women reentering society from prison face both similar and unique challenges relative to male prisoners. Compared to men, female prisoners are more likely to be economi- cally disadvantaged, regular users of drugs, and victims of abuse and mal- treatment. They are more likely to suffer from mental illness or co-oc- curring disorders and to be a parent to a minor child. 13 Historically, however, most re-entry interventions have been aimed at male inmates, and even risk assessment instruments were designed for male offenders, with little attention to gender-specific factors. 14 Gender-responsive programming begins with an assessment of each offender’s individual risks and needs and considers gender-specific vari - ables particular to female prisoners, such as parent-child relationships, familial reunification, substance abuse, and mental and physical health needs. 15 In particular, the use of cognitive behavioral therapy, all- female group sessions, and mutual support groups are recommended in programming for women involved in the criminal justice system. Like all offenders, women require adequate screening and assessment

significantly, a corresponding increase in

programming has not materialized.

Given the documented gender differences in etiology (or causes of disease), disease progression, motivation for treatment, and self- efficacy (or belief in one’s ability to execute necessary behaviors), practitioners and researchers have called for gender-responsive pro- gramming in prisoner re-entry and rehabilitation. 11 Gender-responsive programming is designed to account for the unique challenges faced by female prisoners while capitalizing on some of the characteristics that

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Comparing female gender- specific re-entry models Interventions focused on sub- stance abuse had significantly larger effects, as did programs that em- ployed therapeutic communities. Interventions offered in an institution or those that bridged the institution and the community were also more effective than those administered in the community alone. When only experimental designs were included in the meta-analysis (excluding quasi-experiments), the effect size for gender-informed interventions was significantly and considerably greater than that for gender-neutral programs. Cognitive behavioral ap- proaches also had a larger effect size than other approaches. Collectively, these meta-analyses suggest that programs that focus on substance abuse, use therapeutic communities and cognitive behavioral therapy, and employ gender-responsive programming are most successful in significantly reducing recidivism and improving outcomes for female ex-prisoners. Table 1 (right) presents a sum- mary of the re-entry programs and practices designed for female offenders currently rated by Crime- Solutions. It also includes several programs that have not been rated by CrimeSolutions but were designed specifically for female re-entry. Pro - grams that are not re-entry per se but are rather single-approach rehabilita- tive initiatives are not included, nor are re-entry programs targeting males or juveniles. In Table 1, a re-entry program or practice is conceived as a system of continuous care that begins in custody and continues following release. Considerably

for recidivism risk, criminogenic needs (addressing conditions likely to cause criminal behavior), and responsivity to treatment. However, some research has suggested that risk assessment instruments designed for male offenders may not be as valid for women. 16 As a result, a number of female-specific classification instruments have been developed, such as the Gender Informed Needs Assessment (GINA), the COMPAS for Women, the Service Planning Instrument for Women (SPIn-W), and the Women’s Risk and Needs Assessment (WRNA). To date, there are no peer-re- viewed, published assessments of the GINA, COMPAS for Women, or SPIn-W. The WRNA is the only validated, peer-reviewed risk/needs assessment developed for justice- involved women. 17 Analyses of gender-specific re-entry models Although a number of narrative or qualitative reviews of female re-entry programs have been published, this article specifically addresses the re - sults from a series of meta-analyses. 18 Meta-analysis is a statistical approach that improves on traditional methods of narrative review by systematically aggregating information and quanti- fying its impact. 19 Meta-analysis has several well-documented advantages, including increased statistical power, examination of intervening factors, and increased generalizability of results. In short, meta-analysis allows us to understand not only which fac- tors impact prisoner re-entry, but to what degree. Dowden and Andrews conducted their meta-analysis, published in

1999, well before the push for gender-responsive programming. 20 The 16 studies included in their as- sessment took place in the 1980s and 1990s, and many focused on juvenile or youthful offenders, as opposed to adult women. Only programs that were evaluated using either experi- mental or quasi-experimental designs were included in the meta-analysis. Dowden and Andrews concluded that program designs using the Risk- Needs-Responsivity model were able to reduce recidivism among men and women alike, and to a similar degree. Tripoldi and colleagues examined the findings from six studies using either experimental or quasi-exper- imental designs published between 1988 and 2008 that focused on inter- ventions delivered to women in adult correctional facilities. Their results, published in 2011, indicated that substance abuse treatment exerts an appreciable effect in terms of reduc- ing recidivism for returning female prisoners. 21 Women who participated in treatment had 45% lower odds of reoffending. Building on these meta-analyses, Gobeil and colleagues sought to assess the effectiveness of gender- responsive programming, as well as to identify other intervention characteristics that are associated with re-entry success for female offenders. A total of 37 studies were included in their analysis, published in 2016, and more than 75% of those reported lower recidivism rates for program participants compared to control/comparison groups. 22 The meta-analysis similarly confirmed a statistically significant reduction in recidivism for those in the interven- tion/treatment groups.

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Table 1: Female Re-entry Programs Program Rating

Description

No. of Studies

A manualized cognitive–behavioral intervention for incarcerated women with co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders. The program is rated Promising. Evaluation results suggest that the program significantly reduced PTSD and depression scores in program participants. https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/programdetails?id=424 This is a curriculum-based, gender-responsive intervention created to address the different cognitive- behavioral needs of incarcerated women. The program is rated Promising. The program was shown to significantly reduce recidivism as measured by rearrests and reconvictions, but did not have a signifi- cant impact on reincarcerations for a new offense and technical violation revocations. https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/476 The first comprehensive, in-prison, residential substance abuse treatment program designed for incar- cerated women. The program is rated Promising. The intervention group reported fewer arrests during parole, less drug use and were employed more at follow-up than the comparison group. https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/programdetails?id=40 Helping Women Recover addresses substance use disorders by integrating the four theories of women’s offending and treatment: pathways, addiction, trauma, and relational theories. RCT found no statistically significant differences between the treatment and control groups in arrests or drug use, at the 18-month follow up. https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/416 1 RCT Beyond Trauma uses psycho-educational and cognitive skills approaches to help women develop coping skills and emotional wellness to counter the effects of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. In one RCT, participants had greater reductions in drug use, were more likely to remain in residential aftercare longer, and were less likely to have been re-incarcerated within 12 months after parole. In a second RCT, results showed that there were no significant differences between the participants and standard groups on drug use or PTSD symptoms at follow-up. Participants had better in-treatment performance and more positive perceptions related to their treatment experience. https://www.cebc4cw.org/program/helping-women-recover-beyond-trauma/detailed 2 RCT Beyond Violence (BV) utilizes a multi-level approach and a variety of evidence-based therapeutic strate- gies (i.e., psychoeducation, role playing, mindfulness activities, cognitive-behavioral restructuring, and grounding skills for trauma triggers) to assist women in understanding trauma, the multiple aspects of anger, and emotional regulation. In one RCT, significant between-group differences favor program par- ticipants on only 3 of the 14 measures of anger that were examined. In a second RCT, results indicate women who received Beyond Violence (BV) were less likely to recidivate than those who received TAU. The odds of women in the BV condition recidivating decreased by 79% compared to the rate for women in the TAU condition. Although women in BV were less likely to relapse (26% vs. 50%), the difference was not statistically significant. https://www.cebc4cw.org/program/beyond-violence-a-program-for-criminal-justice-involved- women/detailed 2 RCT DBT is a cognitive-behavioral approach involving skills training, motivational enhancement, and coping skills. In one RCT, the effect of DBT on reducing recidivism was greater among those who expressed a desire for help and among those that were younger and participants with Desire for Help score > 35. https://www.cebc4cw.org/program/dialectical-behavior-therapy-dbt/

1 quasi-experiment

“Seeking Safety” for Incarcerated Women

Promising

1 quasi-experiment

Moving On

Promising

1 quasi-experiment

Forever Free

Promising

Helping Women Recover:

No Effects

A Program for Treating Addiction

Beyond Trauma: A Healing Journey for Women

Not Rated by Crime Solutions

Beyond Violence: A Prevention Program for Criminal Jus- tice-Involved Women

Not Rated by Crime Solutions

1 RCT 1 Quasi-experiment

Not Rated by Crime Solutions

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)

RCT = Randomized Controlled Trial

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fewer programs and practices meet these criteria than are listed under a general search for “re-entry” on CrimeSolutions. Recommendations for policy and practice In light of the foregoing develop- ments related to challenges facing women in re-entry, the author offers the following policy and practice recommendations: Recommendation 1: Gender-Responsive Re-entry Re-entry programs aimed at female offenders should utilize actuarial screening instruments for substance use disorders, psychiatric disorders, and criminogenic risk that have been designed specifically for women, as well as implementing various programming elements that Re-entry programs should screen inmates for substance use disorders, mental illness, and chronic health conditions that may impact their recovery and reintegration. They should design individualized treat- ment plans that concurrently address these comorbidities. Recommendation 3: Therapeutic Communities Therapeutic communities are a participatory, group-based approach to substance abuse intervention where individuals work through recovery while living together in residential settings. A return to the therapeutic community model for are gender informed. Recommendation 2: Integrated Treatment for Co-Occurring Disorders

incarcerated women can improve today’s re-entry efforts for women. Recommendation 4: Focus on Aftercare Newly funded or implemented programs should be designed so that treatment begins at least 90 days prior to re- lease and continues for a period under community supervision. Linkages to community health providers for treating addiction and mental and physical health needs should be made prior to

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these relationships. Peer recovery specialists, then, can capitalize on these qualities and develop personal relationships with returning prisoners that serve as a form of social support during recovery. Recommendation 7: Employment and Skills Training Re-entry programs should expand their offerings so that programmatic elements reflect the full range of offender risks and needs, including for employment. Since there are few female prisoners without deficits in employment, education, or skills, employment programming may be more relevant for a greater number of reentering women than even sub-

release, and case management should be maintained while the individual is under community supervision after release. Recommendation 5: Medication-Assisted Treatment For prisoners suffering from ad- diction, mental illness, or both, and especially for those addicted to opi- oids or alcohol, medication-assisted treatment presents a viable option for the criminal justice system to reduce recidivism and relapse us- ing an established public health framework. Recommendation 6: Peer Recovery Support The use of peer recovery special- ists may be particularly salient for female re-entry for several reasons. Prior evidence suggests that women, on average, have stronger social bonds, feel more strongly about their interpersonal relationships, and view themselves through the lens of

stance abuse treatment. Recommendation 8: Housing Assistance

Returning prisoners, especially females, experience homelessness and housing insecurity at a rate far higher than the general population. An increase in funding, along with a

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