Corrections_Today_July-August_2022_Vol.84_No.4

n Relationships

–– Men use physical violence as a source of last resort, but when they do, they use it to an extreme to make a point to their peers. From this phenomenon, cor rections could advance in two fronts. First, provide/ expand programming for anger management that considers and unpacks “statement violence.” Sec ond, provide additional training for staff to identify and respond to the circumstances where men most engage in violence. –– If women regularly use relational violence (gossiping and psychological violence), program ming should focus on helping women manage their emotions and responses through a trauma-informed approach which

Shi, 2012). 3 Managing these populations requires an interdisciplinary approach which acknowledges and validates their past, begins to unpack staff’s current behavioral response patterns and helps develop new relationship management strategies among staff and residents. This must expand beyond current trainings such as the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) and the Mental Health First Aid (MHFA). This holistic and responsive approach will help correctional admin istrators manage their resident relationships while providing the opportunity to show residents how and why relationships matter and prepare them for manag ing their outside relationships with increased maturity and emotional intelligence.

acknowledges how previous experiences may be triggering current responses.

REFERENCES Ahlin, E. M., Donald Charles Hummer, I. I., & Barberi, D. (2017). Inmate Code and Prison Culture. In Handbook of Corrections in the United States (pp. 346–356). Routledge. https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/ publications/inmate-code-and-prison culture

–– Our data shows that both men and women use isolation or retreat as a

“I don’t feel respected by the inmates because they are all about their egos and everyone is trying to be alpha” — Male Resident

strategy to avoid their own violations or violations by others of the inmate code. This is an urgent aspect to address given that isolation impacts resident’s mental and physical health (Coppola, 2019; Haney, 2018a, 2018b; Wildeman & Andersen, 2020). Prison management must develop policies and procedures which identify

Aranda-Hughes, V., Turanovic, J. J., Mears, D. P., & Pesta, G. B. (2021).

Women in Solitary Confinement: Relationships, Pseudofamilies, and the Limits of Control. Feminist Criminology, 16 (1), 47–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085120961441 Ashton, N. L. (1980). Exploratory Investigation of Perceptions of Influences on Best-Friend Relationships. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 50 (2), 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/003151258005000206 Baena Garcia, F. (2017). La Criminalizacion de la Pobreza . 1–66.

residents who are self-isolating and provide as sessments and additional supports as needed to the resident. Even if these currently exist, some reform and expansion may be necessary. –– Managing human relationships is not easy, and espe cially among a correctional population with varied life experiences, background, and traumas (Baena Garcia, 2017; Covington & Bloom, 2000; Kurlychek & Johnson, 2019; Pérez Goldberg, 2018; Sambor, 2016; Wacquant, 2009; Western & Pettit, 2010). For this reason, de-escalation training and continuing edu cation credits should expand its trauma-informed lens — not only for women, but for men, too. Over half of male residents report childhood physical trauma and nearly 10% report sexual childhood trauma (Wolff &

Copes, H., Brookman, F., & Brown, A. (2013). Accounting for Violations of the Convict Code. Deviant Behavior, 34 (10), 841–858. https://doi.org/10.1080/016 39625.2013.781444 Coppola, F. (2019). The brain in solitude: An (other) eighth amendment challenge to solitary confinement. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 6 (1), 184–225. https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsz014 Covington, S. S., & Bloom, B. E. (2000). Gendered Justice: Programming for Women in Correctional Settings. 52 nd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology , 20. Giallombardo, R. (1966). Society of women: A study of a women’s prison . Wiley. Haney, C. (2018a). Restricting the Use of Solitary Confinement. Annual Review of Criminology, 1 (1), 285–310. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev- criminol-032317-092326 Haney, C. (2018b). The Psychological Effects of Solitary Confinement: A

18 — July/August 2022 Corrections Today