Corrections_Today_January_February_2019

National Law Enforcement Museum p. 32

January/February 2019 Today Corrections Johnny Cash At Folsom Prison p. 26 Happy 40 th Birthday, Corrections Today!

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American Correctional Association Corrections Today January/February 2019 Vol. 81, No. 1

Features

26

Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison

Looking back over the last 40 years of Corrections Today, the issues and proposals Cash addressed are still as relevant today as they were then By Molly Law Guiding principles and restorative practices for crime victims and survivors By Sandra Pavelka and Anne Seymour

32 National Law

36

Enforcement Museum An exhibit features a ‘powerful backdrop’ for corrections By Floyd Nelson

Photo courtesy of The National Law Enforcement Museum

Cover illustration: Johnny Cash photo courtesy U.S. News & World Report magazine photograph collection (Library of Congress), Leffler, Warren K., photographer; Folsom State Prison photo courtesy The Jon B. Lovelace Collection of California Photographs in Carol M. Highsmith’s America Project, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Carol M. Highsmith, photographer

2 — January/February 2019 Corrections Today

Mark Your Calendar Now! BOSTON Aug. 2–6, 2019 149TH CONGRESS OF CORRECTION AMERICAN CORRECTIONAL ASSOCIATION’S

AMERICAN CORRECTIONAL ASSOCIATION 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200 • Alexandria, VA 22314 • www.aca.org

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News&Views

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From Jim’s Desk

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Correctional Chaplain Perspectives

10

NIJ Update

14

View from the Line

18

Health and Wellness

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49 ACA Featured Departments

Welcome New Members

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Certification List

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Bookshelf

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Correctional Health Perspectives

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Professional Development Update

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Certification Spotlight

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Index of Corrections Today Articles 2018

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Corrections Calendar

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Index to Advertisers/Product Index

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OFFICERS President Lannette C. Linthicum, M.D., FACP Texas

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Article and photo submissions: Managing Editor, 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314; email submissions@aca.org. Articles must be in Microsoft Word. Please include all contact information. Unless expressly requested in writing, all photos and artwork submitted become the property of ACA and may be used in future ACA publications. Articles and photos will not be returned unless expressly requested by author. Microfilm: Corrections Today is available for electronic reproduction through ProQuest Information and Learning Co., 300 N. Zeeb Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346; 313-761-4700.

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Statements contained in Corrections Today are the personal views of the authors and do not constitute ACA policy unless so indicated. ACA does not assume responsibility for the content of Corrections Today as submitted by contributors, reserves the right to edit all articles and, if necessary, condense them. The publication of any advertisement by ACA is neither an endorsement of the advertiser nor of the products or services advertised. ACA is not responsible for any claims made in advertisements. Mission statement: The American Correctional Association provides a professional organization for all individuals and groups, both public and private, that share a common goal of improving the justice system. Corrections Today (ISSN 0190-2563, USPS 019-640) is published six times a year in January/February, March/April, May/June, July/August, September/October, November/ December by the American Correctional Association, 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314; 703-224-0000. Periodicals postage paid at Alexandria, VA 22314 and additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to Corrections Today, Attn: Membership Department, 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314. Subscriptions are included in annual membership dues. Nonmember subscription rates are $25 per year for Corrections Today ($36 value) or $6 per issue. Send change of address notice and a recent mailing label to Membership and Customer Service Department, ACA, 60 days before the actual change of address. ACA will not replace undelivered copies resulting from an address change. Printed in USA. Vol. 81, No. 1. Copyright 2019 by the American Correctional Association.

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Corrections Today January/February 2019 — 5

nEWS & vIEWS

From Jim’s Desk What was born 40 years ago in 1979?

I ’ll give you a hint: You’re read- ing it! If I were to ask you to guess what significant thing happened in the field of corrections in 1979, if you are like most of us, you prob- ably wouldn’t have a clue. But if I shared a few things with you that might help jog your memory, maybe something might come to mind. Let’s face it, 1979 was 40 years ago and a lot has happened between then and now. Isn’t it interesting how some years stand out, some years run

together and some years you forget completely? Anyway, here are a few other sig- nificant things that happened in 1979 that might help jog your memory. It was 40 years ago when: –– Jimmy Carter was president of the United States. –– McDonald’s introduced the Happy Meal. –– President Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem

–– Margret Thatcher became the UK’s first female prime minister. –– The movie “Kramer vs. Kram- er” won an Academy Award for Best Picture. –– The cost of a gallon of gasoline was 86 cents. For many of us, these were significant things that happened in 1979, and if your memory hasn’t been jogged enough, then I better tell you what significant thing happened in the field of corrections:

Begin of Israel signed an Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty.

June 1996

October 1991

January-February 1979

February 1989

6 — January/February 2019 Corrections Today

From the Executive Director

Corrections Today was born! That’s right, our award-winning, flagship publication came into being 40 years ago this year and what a 40-year ride it has been! But did you know that long before CT was born, there were other iterations of the association’s premier publication? In 1938, when the American Prison Association authorized the formation of the National Jail As- sociation, the leadership believed a regularly produced publication was necessary. So, in 1939, starting with the January/February issue, the Jail Association Journal was born. Then, for the next 18 years, the Minneapo- lis-based Bruce Publishing Company published the Journal . In 1941, in order to reflect a growing and “broader member- ship” of the association, there was a name change — the Jail Association Journal became the Prison World . It was then that the newly-named pub- lication allocated space for material concerning jails and “related cor- rectional components of the criminal justice system.” In 1954, the association respond- ed affirmatively to its ever-expanding

influence and representation of the field, thus our organization’s name became the American Correctional Association. With ACA’s member- ship increasing and including other facets of corrections, the board voted to change the name of the official publication to the American Journal of Correction . In 1978, at ACA’s annual meeting in Portland, Oregon, our organiza- tion took the opportunity to further broaden the scope of the Journal and allow for a future full of potential. Upon recommendation of the Pub- lications Board and the Executive Committee, the name of the American Journal of Correction was changed to Corrections Today . That was 40 years ago, and CT has grown to become an award- winning magazine that you know today. If the American Correctional Association is the voice of corrections, then Corrections Today

professionals and those involved in corrections-related work around the world, Corrections Today is much more than a typical association publication. So, all year long, we will cel- ebrate CT’ s 40 th birthday in a variety of ways. Make sure you pay special attention to the upcoming issues. The articles, departments, guest editori- als, photos, layout and design will, in some form or fashion, highlight this major milestone. Now, if we can just get the cost of a gallon of gas back down to that 1979 price of 86 cents per gallon ... Happy New Year, everyone!

James A. Gondles Jr., CAE ACA Executive Director

is its mouthpiece, its loudspeaker and its bullhorn. To inform, to educate and to enlighten corrections

March/April 2018

May/June 2013

Corrections Today January/February 2019 — 7

nEWS & vIEWS

President George H.W. Bush Another ‘true American hero’

I t was my honor to serve on the Jamestown-Yorktown Board during Gov. Gerald Baliles and Gov. Douglas Wilder’s terms of of- fice in Virginia. Years later, Betty and I were invited to attend a reception dedicating a new part of the York- town Victory Center. The guest of honor was former President George H.W. Bush, fondly referred to as “41.” My oldest son, Eric Blanchette, had opened a press conference on the beach in Boca Raton, Florida, when 41 had just been elected and before he was sworn into office. The news- papers picked up pictures and stories of young Eric with 41 and Barbara Bush on the beach. So, naturally, we allowed Eric to attend the reception to once again meet 41. Betty brought the news clippings with pictures of an 8-year- old Eric and then President-elect Bush. When Eric gave 41 the pic- tures to sign, 41 looked at a grown high school student and fondly said, “Eric, we both have changed quite a bit since this picture!” Bush was fond of dropping first or second person in his sentences, pulled out his pen and said, “Glad to do it” and then signed the pictures. Naturally when you meet a president, former or current, you re- member it well. I have been fortunate

Geissinger, M., photographer. (1989); photograph retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2018651363/; Presidential seal: istock/sassy1902

President George H.W. Bush at his Oval Office desk, 1989.

enough to have personally met Reagan, Bush, Carter and Clinton. I have personally seen Johnson, Nixon and Trump. Even though Obama was in D.C. for eight years, I have never personally seen nor met him, but maybe someday I will. So, back to 41. No matter what our politics, beliefs and opinions are of our presidents, we tend to look kindlier on them after they have left office, and as they age. Such is the case of George H.W. Bush. Just like John Kennedy, John McCain and

many others, he was a hero. And just like those men and many others, Bush knew America’s best days are ahead. As our country mourns the loss of this true hero, we must never lose sight of his “thousand points of light,” and belief in the goodness of all human beings and that the best is yet to come!

James A. Gondles Jr., CAE ACA Executive Director

8 — January/February 2019 Corrections Today

Correctional Behavioral Health Training and Certification Program

Adult Correctional Officers • Juvenile Justice Professionals Allied Behavioral Health Staff • Community Corrections Officers

This program ensures a candidate’s knowledge of national expected practices and guidelines, legal and ethical principles and relevant security regulations. It also validates the role of correctional professionals associated with the provision of behavioral health services for mentally ill inmates or offenders in correctional settings.

“The CBHC training offered valuable perspectives for custody and health services staff working as a multidisciplinary service team.” —Terri L. Catlett, Deputy Director – Health Services North Carolina Department of Public Safety

“The program is a benchmark that targets specialized training needs for staff interacting with correctional behavioral health populations today. It promotes public safety and safer prisons by increasing the level of professionalism for our correctional officers as it builds knowledge, skills and abilities tomanage our growing behavioral health populations.” —Tony Parker, Commissioner Tennessee Department of Correction

“The American Correctional Association’s Correctional Behavioral Health Certification helps us reach the goal of successfully training our officers to be better at managing this difficult population.” —Daron Hall, Sheriff Davidson’s County Sheriff’s Office

For more information, email healthcare@aca.org

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nEWS & vIEWS

Correctional Chaplain Perspectives

What chaplains need to know about MAT

By Robert Sherrick, Michael White and David Young

C orrectional chaplains have been working with wounded and ailing inmates in the U.S. since the Civil War. However, the wounds and brokenness that require healing today are not as much physical as they are mental, emotional and spiritual. Approxi- mately four out of five (80 percent) of the 2.3 million individuals in- carcerated in more than 5,000 U.S. jails and prisons suffer from addic- tion — referred to as a substance use disorder (SUD). 1 In the majority of correctional facilities, chaplains are members of a team implementing recovery programs for SUDs and as- sisting with successful reintegration into the community, thus reducing recidivism. 2 As team members, it is of the utmost importance that cor- rectional chaplains stay informed with up-to-date information and knowledge of evidence-based best practices for SUDs. With nearly 200 overdose deaths per day (72,000 in 2017), the U.S. is experiencing the worst drug-induced death epidemic in history. 3,4 The impact of addic- tion and SUDs on law enforcement, corrections, health care, families and communities is far reaching and costly to society. Abuse of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs costs more than $740 billion annually due to

crime, decreased work productivity and health care expenses. 5 With such a large population suf- fering from a SUD in correctional facilities, less than 15 percent re- ceive treatment during incarceration. Unfortunately, untreated inmates with SUDs have a relapse rate of 90-95 percent upon release into the commu- nity. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the initiation of opioid agonists prior to release from incarceration to prevent relapse or overdose. 6 Incarceration alone is not the answer for SUD. In fact, incarceration has been reported to be a catalyst for worsening health. 7 Appropriate SUD treatment for the justice-involved population is a topic of concern in news releases, at conferences and in publications. 8,9 The legality of withholding appropri- ate SUD treatment from individuals while incarcerated is an issue of con- cern for correctional facilities. 10,11 Key Definitions Medicated-Assisted Treatment (MAT) is the use of FDA-approved medications, in combination with counseling and behavioral therapies, for the treatment of SUD (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration — SAMHSA). SUDs occur when the recurrent

use of alcohol and/or drugs causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability and failure to meet major re- sponsibilities at work, school or home. According to the Diagnostic and Sta- tistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition (DSM-5), a diagnosis of a SUD is based on evidence of impaired control, social impairment, risky use and pharmacological criteria. Addiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motiva- tion, memory and related circuitry. Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psy- chological, social and spiritual manifestations. This is reflected in SUD in correctional facilities, less than 15 percent receive treatment during incarceration. With such a large population suffering from a

10 — January/February 2019 Corrections Today

Correctional Chaplain Perspectives

an individual pathologically pursu- ing reward and/or relief by substance use and other behaviors. Addiction is characterized by the inability to consistently abstain, impairment in behavioral control, craving, dimin- ished recognition of significant problems with one’s behaviors and interpersonal relationships, and a dysfunctional emotional response. Like other chronic diseases, addiction often involves cycles of relapse and remission. According to the Ameri- can Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) addiction, without treatment or engagement in recovery activities, is progressive and can result in dis- ability or premature death. Facts about SUDs: –– Justice-involved individuals have rates of SUD nearly 12 times the general population. –– 63 percent of individuals in- carcerated in jails suffer from a SUD. –– 58 percent of individuals incar- cerated in prisons suffer from a SUD. –– Formerly incarcerated individu- als are 40 times more likely to die of an opioid overdose within two weeks of release as com- pared to the general population. –– Of 5,000 jails and prisons, fewer than 40 (one percent) of- fer MAT to inmates. –– Individuals receiving MAT are up to 75 percent less likely to die from a SUD. –– Every dollar invested in SUD treatment yields a return of $4-$7. –– Treatment and recovery plans for individuals with a SUD should span at least 3-5 years.

release, inmates may face resistance from parole officers, judges or family members and be urged to stop their medication, even though it is effec- tive and essential to their recovery. Many people think of MAT as “substituting one addiction for anoth- er,” when nothing could be further from the truth. Individuals on MAT do not get “high” from their medi- cation doses; they feel normal with the stabilization of abnormal brain circuits that have been altered by years of exposure to illicit drug use. Many studies show better outcomes, including better treatment retention, less illicit drug use, less criminal activity, increased employment and housing and more stable family re- lationships when clients are on MAT compared to abstinence-only treat- ment that does not use medications. There are three medications currently FDA-approved for the treatment of opioid use disorders — methadone, buprenorphine and extended-release (ER) naltrexone. Unfortunately, less than one percent of the prisons and jails allow ac- cess to FDA-approved medication as advised by addiction specialists. 14 Some judges and prison officials have favored one drug over another, sometimes at the urging of the drug manufacturer’s representatives. All of these medications should be made available for appropriate inmates, and the choice of medication should be made in consultation with the medical provider and the inmate, not by non- medical personnel. Use of MAT in jails and prisons While most jails and prisons do not allow MAT, several state de- partments of corrections (DOC)

Strong scientific evidence unequivocally

shows that for opioid

use disorder, medication is the essential component of treatment, not merely one component.

Facts about MAT

Strong scientific evidence un- equivocally shows that for opioid use disorder, medication is the essential component of treatment, not merely one component. 12 There is clear evidence that using MAT during incar- ceration and before release improves outcomes, with fewer behavioral is- sues with inmates, less recidivism and better engagement in continuation of treatment after release. 13 In spite of this documented knowledge, correctional officials in prisons and jails have been slow to implement MAT. Some of the barri- ers include misunderstandings and a lack of knowledge of the science behind MAT, but significant stigma and negative bias also exists towards inmates who have an opioid addic- tion as well as against MAT. After

Corrections Today January/February 2019 — 11

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–– American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) 18 –– National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism –– Office of the Surgeon General of the United States –– Partnership for Drug-Free Kids –– Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) –– World Health Organization (WHO) Role of correctional chaplains Correctional chaplains are stra- tegically placed to help facilitate continuum of care into the commu- nity for those with SUDs. Working with other prison officials, chaplains can be instrumental in a “warm handoff” into the community with peer support/mentoring and other available wrap around services. For example, more than 600 jails and prisons and over 20,000 local churches offer Celebrate Recovery, a Christ-centered 12-step recovery program where individuals and families can find healing and restora- tion. 19 Chaplains can help families and friends understand the cycle of opioid addiction and the need for medication as well as self-help groups and spiritual support. A chaplain is an essential member of a team of professionals working with an inmate, along with their MAT, to rebuild their lives that have been ravaged by opioid addiction and to achieve and sustain recovery. In summary, what chaplains need to know about MAT is that it saves lives, saves public funds, results in healthier, productive relationships and is increasingly used in correc- tional facilities.

ER naltrexone injections to a sample of inmates who were re-entering communities following up with a monthly shot and cognitive behavioral therapy post-release. In Massachusetts, the legisla- ture has mandated MAT for inmates, including buprenor- phine and methadone, in

addition to ER naltrexone. 16 Five Massachusetts counties have agreed to start a pilot program offering buprenorphine to inmates with SUDs starting in September 2019.

istock/Darwin Brandis

have successfully implemented the practice of supporting inmates with MAT. 15 In 2016, Rhode Island DOC, with its unified prison/jail system, launched a new model of screening and protocoled treatment with MAT. Individuals on MAT arriving at the Rhode Island DOC were maintained on their respective medication regi- men without tapering or discontinuing their medications. Inmates who were provided methadone treatment were less likely to be disciplined for bad behavior, were five times less likely to be re-arrested for a felony offense, 10 times less likely to be charged with a drug offense after release, and 41 percent more likely to continue with their treatment 30 days after release compared to 10 percent who did not participate in treatment. Other ex- amples of successfully implementing MAT into their DOC programs include Arizona, Alaska, Connecticut, New Jersey and North Dakota. Arizona has two years of data from the SAMHSA Medication Assisted Treatment — Pre- scription Drug and Opioid Addiction (MAT-PDOA) grant that demonstrates MAT for opioid dependence and criminal justice-involved individuals can improve employment, permanent housing, recidivism and relapse. In 2017, the Pennsylvania DOC provided

Numerous nonprofit associations, federal agencies and patient groups support MAT for patients and family members.

Endorsements of MAT for incarcerated populations Numerous nonprofit associations, federal agencies and patient groups support MAT for patients and family members. A sampling is as follows:

–– Addiction Policy Forum –– American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry –– American Correctional Association 17

12 — January/February 2019 Corrections Today

Correctional Chaplain Perspectives

ADDENDUM After the authors submitted this article, two publications were re- leased that are pertinent to the central theme of this article. The authors requested that they be added as an addendum for follow-up by inter- ested readers: –– National Sheriffs’Association & National Commission on Correctional Health Care (2018). “Jail-Based Medication-Assisted Treatment — Promising Prac- tices, Guidelines, and Resources for the Field.” Alexandria, VA& Chicago, IL: Author. Retrieved from https://www.sheriffs.org/ publications/Jail-Based-MAT- PPG.pdf –– Justice Clearinghouse (2018). “Planning and Implementing Medication Assisted Treatment in Jails —What Justice Professionals Need to Know” —Workbook. Colorado Springs, CO: Author. Retrieved from https:// justiceclearinghouse.com/ wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ Workbook-Planning-and- Implementing-Medication- Assisted-Treatment-in-Jails.pdf Robert Sherrick, M.D., FASAM, Chief Medical Officer, Community Medical Services, Kalispell, Montana. robert.sherrick@addictiontx.net Michael White, MCJ, director, Justice System Programs, Community Medical

ENDNOTES 1 Chandler, R. K., Fletcher, B. W., & Volkow, N.D. (2009). Treating Drug Abuse and Addiction in the Criminal Justice System: Improving Public Health and Safety. Journal of the American Medical Association , 301(2):183-190. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2681083/ 2 Moseley, S. (2017). The affliction of addiction – Opportunities for chaplains in the face of substance use disorders. Corrections Today , 79(5):14-16. Alexandria, Virginia: American Correctional Association. 3 Mukherjee, S. (2018). U.S. Drug Overdose Deaths Rose to a Record 72,000 Last Year, CDC Says. Fortune , August 15. New York City, NY: Meredith Corporation. Retrieved from http://fortune.com/2018/08/15/drug- overdose-deaths-cdc-record/ 4 Bruder, J. (2018). The Worst Drug Crisis in American History. New York: New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/31/books/review/beth-macy-dopesick.html 5 National Institute on Drug Abuse (2018). Trends & Statistics. Bethesda, MD: Author. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics 6 Sharma, A., O’Grady, K.E., Kelly, S.M., Gryczynski, J., Mitchell, S.G., & Schwartz, R.P. (2016). Phar- macotherapy for opioid dependence in jails and prisons: research review update and future directions. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation , 7:27-40. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC4853155/ 7 Brinkley-Rubinstein, L. (2013). Incarceration as a catalyst for worsening health. Health and Justice , 1(3):1-17. Retrieved from https://healthandjusticejournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/2194-7899-1-3 8 Barnett, B. (2018). Jails and prisons: the unmanned front in the battle against the opioid epidemic. STAT News. Retrieved from https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/02/opioid-epidemic-jails-prisons-treatment/ 9 The Pew Charitable Trusts (2018) “Jails: Inadvertent Health Care Providers.” Philadelphia, PA: Author. Retrieved from https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2018/01/jails-inadvertent-health- care-providers 10 Legal Action Center, (2011). Legality of Denying Access to Medication Assisted Treatment In the Criminal Justice System. New York: Author. Retrieved from https://lac.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/MAT_ Report_FINAL_12-1-2011.pdf 11 Linden, M., Marullo, S., Bone, C., Barry, D.T., & Bell, K. (2018). Prisoners as Patients: The Opioid Epidemic, Medication-Assisted Treatment and the Eighth Amendment. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics , 46:252-267. Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1073110518782926 12 Rich, J. D. & Satel, S. (2018). Access to Maintenance Medications for Opioid Addiction Is Expanding. Prisons Need to Get on Board. SLATE. Retrieved from https://slate.com/technology/2018/05/opioid-crisis- prisons-need-to-expand-access-to-maintenance-medication.html 13 O’Brien, M. (2018). Treatment Works. Addiction Policy Forum Blog. Retrieved from https://www. addictionpolicy.org/blog/treatment-works 14 Vestal, C. (2018). New Momentum for Addiction Treatment Behind Bars. STATELINE, The PEW Charitable Trusts. Retrieved from https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/ stateline/2018/04/04/new-momentum-for-addiction-treatment-behind-bars 15 Trigg, B. G., & Dickman, S. L. (2012). Medication-Assisted Therapy for Opioid-Dependent Incarcerated Populations in New Mexico: Statewide Efforts to Increase Access. Substance Abuse , 33(1):76-84. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08897077.2011.611455 16 Warren, E. F. & Rendon, N. (2018). A re We Ready to Implement Medication Assisted Treatment in Corrections? Presentation, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 17 Joint Public Correctional Policy on the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorders for Justice Involved Individuals. (2018). American Correctional Association &American Society of Addiction Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.asam.org/docs/default-source/public-policy-statements/2018-joint-public-correctional-policy-on- the-treatment-of-opioid-use-disorders-for-justice-involved-individuals.pdf?sfvrsn=26de41c2_2 18 American Society of Addiction Medicine. (2015). “National Practice Guideline for the Use of Medications in the Treatment of Addiction Involving Opioid Use.” Chevy Chase, MD: Author. Retrieved from https:// www.asam.org/docs/default-source/practice-support/guidelines-and-consensus-docs/asam-national-practice- guideline-supplement.pdf 19 Noyes, D. & Young, D. 2018. Faith-based recovery — Transforming lives one inmate at a time. Corrections Today , 80(5):10-13. Alexandria, Virginia: American Correctional Association.

Services, Scottsdale, Arizona. michael.white@addictiontx.net

David Young, M.S., Ph.D., professor and community health specialist, Montana State University & Chaplain, Gallatin County Detention Center, Bozeman, Montana. dyoung@montanal.edu

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NIJ Update Contraband detection technologies A market survey

By Joe Russo and Doris Wells

This article does not necessarily reflect the findings, views and/or opinions of the American Correctional Association. Furthermore, the findings and conclusions reported in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official positions or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. A ll correctional agencies, to some extent, struggle to con- trol contraband, an umbrella term referring to anything inmates are prohibited from possessing. In general, contraband consists of any item that poses some sort of threat to institutional security, public safety as a whole and inmate health and welfare. Although each agency may define contraband differently, there are four universal constants: contraband can enter an institution through a variety of pathways; is often difficult to de- tect; fuels the black-market economy within the institution; and ultimately undermines the safety and secu- rity of the institution. Agencies are increasingly relying on technology to support contraband interdiction efforts. To help agencies identify the available technology options, the National Institute of Justice funded A Market Survey on Contraband Detec- tion Technologies. Prepared by Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, operators of the National

istock/mediaphotos

drugs, alcohol). Some contraband may vary among jurisdictions (e.g., tobacco was sold in institutions for decades but is now considered contraband in the states that have banned smoking). Further, societal and technological changes may cre- ate new forms of contraband. For example, 25 years ago, cellphones were not thought of as a threat to correctional institutions as they are today. Although all forms of contra- band can, to varying degrees, pose a risk, cellphones and drugs appear to be particularly challenging and growing threats. 1

Criminal Justice Technology Re- search, Test and Evaluation Center, this survey presents information on 103 contraband detection products offered by 33 commercial vendors. The problem As long as correctional institu- tions have existed, there has been contraband. Contraband can be a moving target in more ways than one. What is considered contraband may vary among correctional agen- cies and over time. Some types of contraband are consistent across jurisdictions (e.g., weapons, tools,

14 — January/February 2019 Corrections Today

NIJ Update

Cellphones

Drugs

technology that will detect all contra- band. Thus, to effectively address the contraband issue, agencies, espe- cially with limited budgets, should assess their greatest contraband threats and develop awareness of the cost-benefits of solutions available — how they work and how best to apply them. Market survey Most correctional agencies lack staff resources to conduct exhaustive searches to identify the contraband detection technology solutions avail- able for the particular threat they are facing. To help bridge this gap, Johns Hopkins University conducted a market survey, and the results were published in a report called AMarket Survey on Contraband Detection Technologies . 8 Data was provided by vendors who responded to a request for information or were derived from searches of vendor websites. Ulti- mately, data on over 100 different products were compiled and orga- nized in three major categories: –– Person-borne detection — tech- nologies used to find contraband concealed on a person, includ- ing within body cavities, and that include mainly handheld and walkthrough devices. –– Vehicle-borne detection — tech- nologies that detect contraband concealed in cars and trucks that come onto correctional facility grounds and include camera systems, visual search aids and drive-through systems. –– Environmental detection — technologies that detect contraband hidden, for example, in mail, parcels, walls and furniture. →

Contraband cellphones have been described as the most press- ing concern of many correctional administrators; these devices pose a significant threat not only to institu- tional security, but to public safety in general. For example, inmates have used cellphones to plan the murder of witnesses in the community, escapes, attacks on correctional staff and institutional disturbances. Inmates have terrorized victims and operated ongoing criminal enterprises from drug smuggling to elaborate wire fraud and money laundering schemes. By conservative estimates, tens of thousands of contraband cellphones are confiscated each year. 2 Of course, this represents only a fraction of the total number, as many devices are not located and remain in circulation. A recent disturbance at a South Carolina prison illustrates the danger of contraband cellphones. During this disturbance, considered the deadliest riot in 25 years, seven inmates were murdered and 17 others were wound- ed in a gang-related dispute over control of the contraband cellphone market. 3 Contraband cellphones have been described as the most pressing concern of many correctional administrators.

Drugs have been a perennial concern for correctional admin- istrators, due in part to the large number of inmates with substance abuse issues. Drug use is rampant in some jurisdictions. In California, for example, a quarter of the state’s prison population was drug tested, and nearly 23 percent were positive. 4 Beyond the violence associated with gang control of the drug trade, the presence of drugs can hinder reha- bilitative efforts. Further, overdose deaths in correctional institutions are becoming increasingly common. The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that a total of 139 in-custody deaths were attributed to drug or alcohol intoxication in 2014 — a 54 percent increase over the previous two years. 5,6 Many institutions are reporting increasing inmate use of synthetic cannabinoids (e.g., K2 and Spice), which can cause dangerous behaviors, and several news reports have described inmates exhibiting acute psychotic reactions to these drugs. 7 One increasingly common contraband drug, suboxone, may be hidden under postage stamps on let- ters mailed to inmates. These two major, but very dif- ferent forms of contraband illustrate some of the challenges of detection. The technologies used to detect cellphones likely will be quite dif- ferent from those used to detect drugs, but there are further nuances to be considered. For example, the technologies used to detect drugs hidden in mail will be different from those used to find drugs that have been smuggled within a body cavity. Moreover, because contraband takes various forms, there is no single

Corrections Today January/February 2019 — 15

nEWS & vIEWS

Table 1: Type of Data Collected for Each Category

Table 1 presents the type of infor- mation collected for each category. Pertinent information is provided for each product for easy compari- son. See Figure 1 for an example of the type of data collected for each product. Conclusion Contraband is an ongoing threat to institutional security, and agen- cies should leverage appropriate technology to support interdiction efforts. This survey is not intended to evaluate or rank the products. No evaluations were conducted to determine product effectiveness, nor were any vendor claims vali- dated. Instead, this market survey is intended to provide agencies with a starting point to identify potential solutions. The next steps should involve contact with the relevant vendors for up-to-date information. Further, agencies are encouraged to connect with their peer net- works and/or state and national associations for input on how these solutions have performed in the cor- rectional environment.

Environmental- Borne Detection

Person-Borne Detection

Vehicle-Borne Detection

Data Collected

Vendor

Y

Y

Y

Product Name and Model

Y

Y

Y

Primary Purpose

Y

Y

Y

MSRP

Y

Y

Y

Dimensions

Y

Y

Y

Weight

Y

Y

Y

Portability

Y

Y

Y

Metal Detection

Y

Y

Y

Non-Metal Detection

Y

Y

Y

Detects Cellphones

N

N

Y

Body Cavity Detection

Y

N

N

People/Animal Detector

N

Y

N

Type of Detector Used

Y

Y

Y

Inspection Time

Y

Y

N

Average Time to Generate Alarm

N

N

Y

Alert/Alarm Mechanism

Y

Y

Y

Power Requirements

Y

Y

Y

Battery Discharge Time

Y

N

Y

Warranty

Y

Y

Y

Joe Russo is the corrections technology lead at the Justice Technology Information Center, an NIJ program funded through a grant to Leidos.

Doris Wells is a writer-editor at the National Institute of Justice.

istock/tapui

16 — January/February 2019 Corrections Today

NIJ Update

Figure 1

Vendor

Product Name and Model Primary Purpose MSRP

Dimensions (H”xW”xD”) Weight (lbs.)

Portability

Indoor/Outdoor

Metal Detection

Non-Metal Detection

Body Cavity Detection

Type of Detector Used

Total Inspection Time (sec/person) Alert/Alarm Mechanism

Power Requirements

Battery Discharge Time (hours) Warranty (months)

Handheld contraband detection

Triaxial detection field

X 1

$169 1.3. x 1.8 x 7.9 .06 Handheld Both Yes No Yes

45 Vibration 9V Battery - - 36

Magnetic sensors with onboard digital signal processing

Walk- through contraband detection

Audio/ Visual

110/229 VAC; 3.5A

Fixed but portable

- -

4 - -

Y 2

- -

82 x 32 x 63 56.0

- - Yes - - Yes

Cavity screening system

115-240 CAC/ 47-63 Hz

Fixed but portable

Audio/ Visual

Z 3

$11,500 50 x 22 x 51 210

In Yes No Yes

- -

- -

- - 24

Endnotes: 1 NIJ is working with the Urban Institute and the American Correctional Association (ACA) (award 2015-IJ-CX-K001) to conduct further relevant research. 2 Riley, Matt, “Southern Prisons Have a Cellphone Smuggling Problem,” NBC News , September 30, 2017. 3 Simpson, Ian, “Deadly South Carolina Prison Riot Exposes Staffing Shortage,” Reuters , April 19, 2018. 4 Associated Press, “California Prisons Find 1 in 4 Inmates Used Drugs,” April 7, 2014.

5 Noonan, M., Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2014 — Statistical Tables , Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, NCJ 250169, December 2016. 6 Noonan, M., Mortality in State Prisons, 2000–2014 — Statistical Tables , Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, NCJ 250150, December 2016. 7 Maxfield, Jen, “Investigation Expands After 13 Inmates Apparently Overdose on Synthetic Marijuana at New York Jail,” Associated Press, July 21, 2015. https://www.nbcnewyork.com/ news/local/Inmate-Overdose-Westchester-Jail- Drug-Contraband-Police-Investigation-New-York

— 317814891.html. Also see, Schoenly, Lorry, “Synthetic Marijuana: AVery Real Contraband Hazard,” Corrections One, August 25, 2015. 8 A copy of the market survey can be accessed online at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/ grants/250685.pdf.

Corrections Today January/February 2019 — 17

nEWS & vIEWS

View from the Line

Georgia’s re-entry efforts By DeLana Powell and Janine Robinson

G eorgia has long been on the forefront of correction re- form, focusing on reducing recidivism and promoting success- ful re-entry within our correctional system. In 2011, Georgia’s General Assembly passed HB 265. This reso- lution, signed by Governor Nathan Deal, created the bipartisan, inter- branch special council on criminal justice reform. Georgia is now widely recognized as a national leader in implement- ing evidence-based criminal justice reforms which are providing a higher level of public safety at a lower cost. One of the most recent impacts from HB 265 is the State of Georgia (SOG) Re-entry Summit. The SOG 2 nd Annual Re-entry Summit was held on June 19, 2018 and welcomed over 600 attendees. The goal of the re-entry summit was to network and interact with stakeholders from across the state to discuss and further develop ongoing re-entry initiatives. Georgia Correctional Industries (GCI) participated as a vendor, and staff attended the plenary and workshop sessions throughout the day. GCI is committed in developing offend- ers’ job skills needed for successful re-entry into society while providing quality products and services for our customers through manufacturing,

state employment. Local counties, in addition to some private sector companies, have also adopted this policy. Georgia Justice Project (GJP) is working to improve Georgia’s leg- islation regarding criminal records as well as advocate for employment opportunities. GJP also represents individuals that have a Georgia criminal record and individuals that have a pending criminal case in the metro Atlanta area.

food service and agribusiness opera- tions. GCI is an integral part of the success of the Georgia Department of Corrections (GDC) operations with approximately 1,800 offenders who participate in GCI operations. By working within GCI during their incarceration, they learn work ethics and job skills, and have the option to enroll in on-the-job training, which results in earning valuable certificates and receiving wages under the Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program (PIECP). The re-entry summit allows GCI and others, whose primary mission is to enhance the lives of offenders, a valuable forum to share, learn and grow. Engaging employers The discussion on engaging employers focused on developing strategies, business cases and best practices for encouraging private sector employers to hire individuals with a criminal record and support policy reform to reduce barriers for re-entry. The state of Georgia is committed to increasing employment opportunities for individuals with prior convictions. “Ban the Box” was signed into executive order in 2015, removing criminal history ques- tions from initial applications with

Our program teaches

responsibility, work ethic and encourages them to produce a quality product they can be proud of.

GCI provides important on-the- job training to offenders in order to improve one’s marketable skill sets, thereby increasing the chance for post-release employment and

18 — January/February 2019 Corrections Today