Corrections_Today_Summer_2024_Vol.86_No.2

Corrections Summer 2024 | Vol. 86, No. 2 THE AMERICAN CORRECTIONAL ASSOCIATION MAGAZINE Advance. Connect. Achieve. Today #The Story of Us Managing Mental Illness | Women in Corrections | Opioid Use Disorder | Prisoners Avoiding Gangs

Welcome back to the print edition of our magazine!

Improve security, efficiency and accountability through intelligent key management

Traka helps better manage and track access to the physical keys critical to maintaining a safe and secure facility. Provide staff controlled, automated access to keys and equipment, while delivering total visibility over all activity for total accountability.

Visit traka.com or email us at info@trakausa.com to learn more about Traka solutions for correctional facilities

1

THIS IS YOUR MAGAZINE ... and we want YOU to be a part of future issues! Let’s make a splash! Discover the many opportunities to contibute to Corrections Today — the flagship magazine of the American Correctional Association — dedicated to Corrections Professionals worldwide. We look forward to your valuable contributions! Corrections Professionals

• Share your National Correctional Officer and Employee Week celebrations. • Contribute a compelling feature article. • Provide insightful critiques for our Bookshelf section. • Express your perspectives and experiences in “View from the Line.” • “Speak Out” on matters close to your heart. • Extend an update on your ACA Committee. • Seek guidance from Dr. Dean Aufderheide by posing a Behavioral Health inquiry. • Promote your upcoming events through the Corrections Calendar. • Engage in our social media platforms.

Questions? Contact Kirk Raymond by calling 703-224-0193 or by email at submissions@aca.org

2

Corrections Today Summer 2024 | Vol. 86, No. 2 THE AMERICAN CORRECTIONAL ASSOCIATION MAGAZINE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Features

24 Examining current policies and barriers regarding medications for opioid use disorder within the criminal justice system

By Kara Rademeyer, PharmD, MSci, Ph.D.; Meghan L. Thompson, PharmD, Ph.D. and William Mullen, MPH, PA-C

34 How and why prisoners avoid getting involved in gangs By David C. Pyrooz

40 An intimate look at women

working in the field of corrections By Ruby J. Joyner, LMSW, CCE and Demetria Fields, MS

20

Managing mental illness Why we need a public safety/public health model By Dr. Dean Aufderheide

On the Cover: Welcome back to the highly anticipated revival of Corrections Today in its classic print format, marking a significant milestone as we release our inaugural printed issue since March 2020. We take great pride in sharing #TheStoryOfUs. Featured on the cover from left to right are distinguished individuals from the Texas Department of Criminal Justice: Correctional Officer III Akeem Ibatoye, Sgt. Melisa Hill of the Region I Kennel Team (with K9 Becky) and Capt. Barret Lowrey. Cover photos courtesy of Nia Hodge, Photographer, Texas Department of Criminal Justice

Corrections Summer 2024 | Vol. 86, No. 2 THE AMERICAN CORRECTIONAL ASSOCIATION MAGAZINE Advance. Connect. Achieve. Today #The Story of Us Managing Mental Illness | Women in Corrections | Opioid Use Disorder | Prisoners Avoiding Gangs

Welcome back to the print edition of our magazine!

ACA 2024 Winter Conference Overview p. 66

Summer 2024 | Corrections Today

3

It’s time to submit your National Correctional Officers and Employees Week photos!

ACA will be sharing your celebrations in the Fall issue of Corrections Today .

C orrections Today wants to see how you and your team celebrated NCOEW 2024. Our Fall 2024 is sue will feature a recap of NCOEW activities and events, and we want to show the world what you did. So, send us your NCOEW photos for the events and activities showing how much you care about your cor rections colleagues and facilities. Please follow the photo guidelines featured here before submitting. The deadline to submit photos for consideration is June 17. If you have any further questions, please email Carla DeCarlo at carlad@aca.org.

One final word — your pictures, and your shared experiences, are important to us. We want the world to know there are a whole lot of corrections profession als who are doing a dangerous and difficult job under the most trying circumstances, and they deserve to be celebrated openly. So please, let your fellow corrections professionals see you and your team enjoying the one week set aside to honor the challenging profession you have chosen.

We want your photos to appear as wonderful as possible when published in Corrections Today . Here is a guide to help you get the best quality in your published photos. – One of the best cameras is the one you have with you — and for most of us, that camera is your smartphone. – Before you email us your photos, check the image size (small, medium, large, actual size). Please send us the largest version of your photo. – Photo resolution should be 300 dpi. – Preferred file formats: JPEGs (first choice) or PDFs. – As a rule of thumb, if your photo is less than a megabyte, it’s too small to use. – Small photos at 72 dpi cannot be scaled up and will appear fuzzy or pixelated. Corrections Today Magazine Photo Specifications

Send your NCOEW photos by June 17, 2024 to submissions@aca.org

Photo courtesy Florida Department of Corrections 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

News&Views

7

From Rob’s Desk

8

Correctional Chaplain Perspectives

EDITORIAL STAFF EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Robert L. Green, robg@aca.org MANAGING EDITOR Kirk Raymond, kraymond@aca.org GRAPHICS AND PRODUCTION STAFF GRAPHIC DESIGNER

14

NIJ Update

ACA Departments

Carla DeCarlo, carlad@aca.org COMMUNICATIONS SPECIALIST Sarah Castillo, sarahc@aca.org MULTIMEDIA DESIGNER Kierra Khan, kierrak@aca.org ADVERTISING AND MARKETING STAFF DIRECTOR, CONVENTIONS, ADVERTISING AND CORPORATE RELATIONS Kelli McAfee, kellim@aca.org DIRECTOR, SALES & MARKETING Da’Shawn Burnette, dashawnb@aca.org

48 52 58 64 84 88 90 98

ACA Benchmarks

Committees

Communications & Publications Conventions, Advertising & Corportate Relations

PRODUCTION COORDINATOR Mary Misisco, marym@aca.org

Executive Office

ACA EXECUTIVE OFFICE AND DIRECTORS EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Robert L. Green, robg@aca.org James A. Gondles Jr., CAE, Executive Director Emeritus

Office of Correctional Health Standards & Accreditation

DEPUTY EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Jeffrey Washington, jeffw@aca.org CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

Ben Nalette, CPA, benn@aca.org SENIOR EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT India Vargas, indiav@aca.org COMMUNICATIONS AND PUBLICATIONS DIRECTOR Kirk Raymond, kraymond@aca.org CONVENTIONS, ADVERTISING AND CORPORATE RELATIONS DIRECTOR Kelli McAfee, kellim@aca.org INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACTING DIRECTOR Ben Nalette, CPA, benn@aca.org INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES Robert L. Green, robg@aca.org OFFICE OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH DIRECTORS Terri L. Catlett — Director, terric@aca.org Dr. Dean Aufderheide — Director of Mental Health, daufderheide@aca.org PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT, MEMBERSHIP AND ENGAGEMENT DIRECTOR Dr. Valorie L. Sanders, LBBP, valories@aca.org SALES & MARKETING DIRECTOR Da’Shawn Burnette, dashawnb@aca.org Statements contained in Corrections Today are the personal views of the authors and do not constitute ACA policy unless so indicated. ACA does not assume responsibility for the content of Corrections Today as submitted by contributors, reserves the right to edit all articles and, if necessary, condense them. The publication of any advertisement by ACA is neither an endorsement of the advertiser nor of the products or services advertised. ACA is not responsible for any claims made in advertisements. Printed in U.S.A. by Goetz Printing, Springfield, VA Vol. 86, No. 2. Copyright 2024 by the American Correctional Association STANDARDS AND ACCREDITATION DIRECTOR David Haasenritter, dhaasenritter@aca.org

Corrections Calendar

100

Advertiser/Product Index

Summer 2024 | Corrections Today

5

INQUIRIES AND INFORMATION

ARTICLE AND PHOTO SUBMISSIONS: Managing Editor, 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314; email submissions@aca.org. Articles must be in Microsoft Word. Please include all contact information. Unless expressly requested in writing, all photos and artwork submitted become the property of ACA and may be used in future ACA publications. Articles and photos will not be returned unless expressly requested by author. ADVERTISING INQUIRIES: Please direct all inquiries to DaShawn Burnette, Director of Sales & Marketing, at 703-224-0030 (Direct) or dashawnb@aca.org. MISSION STATEMENT: The American Correctional Association provides a professional organization for all individuals and groups, both public and private, that share a common goal of improving the justice system. Corrections Today (ISSN 0190-2563, USPS 019-640) is published four times a year in Summer (June/July/August), Fall (September/October/November), Winter (December/ January/February) and Spring (March/April/May) by the American Correctional Association, 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314; 703-224-0000. Send any changes to Corrections Today, Attn: Membership Department, 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314. SUBSCRIPTION CHANGES: Subscriptions are included in annual membership dues. Nonmember subscription rates are $35 per year. You can join ACA or renew your subscription online at www.aca.org. Changes to your contact information and address can be updated through the membership portal at www.aca.org.

AMERICAN CORRECTIONAL ASSOCIATION OFFICERS

PRESIDENT Denise M. Robinson Ohio IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT Tony C. Parker Tennessee VICE PRESIDENT Tyrone Oliver Georgia PRESIDENT-ELECT Ricky D. Dixon Florida

TREASURER Harbans S. Deol, D.O., Ph.D. Nebraska BOARD OF GOVERNORS REPRESENTATIVES Burl Cain Mississippi Garry L. McFadden North Carolina SECRETARY Robert L. Green Maryland

CONNECT WITH US ONLINE

CHAPTERS AND AFFILIATES

Alston Wilkes Society—American Catholic Correctional Ministries—American Correctional Health Services Association—American Institute of Architects—American Jail Association—American Probation and Parole Association—Arizona Probation, Parole and Corrections Association— Association of Correctional Food Service Affiliates—Association of Paroling Authorities International—Association of State Correctional Administrators—Association of Programs for Female Offenders—Association of Women Executives in Corrections—Colorado Criminal Justice Association— Correctional Accreditation Managers Association— Correctional Association of Massachusetts— Correctional Education Association—Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators—District of Columbia Criminal Justice Association—Florida Council on Crime and Delinquency—Historical Association for Corrections—Illinois Correctional Association—Indiana Criminal Justice Association— International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology—International Association of Correctional Training Personnel—International Correctional Arts Network—International Corrections and Prisons Association—Iowa Corrections Association—Jamaica Federation of Corrections— Juvenile Justice Trainers Association—Kansas Correctional Association—Louisiana Correctional

Association—Maryland Criminal Justice Association— Michigan Corrections Association—Middle Atlantic States Correctional Association—Missouri Corrections Association—National Association of Blacks in Criminal Justice—National Association of Probation Executives—National Association of Adult and Juvenile State Corrections Mental Health Directors—National Correctional Industries Association Inc.—National Council on Crime and Delinquency—National Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators— National Juvenile Detention Association—National Organization of Hispanics in Criminal Justice— Nebraska Correctional Association—New Jersey Chapter Association—New Mexico Criminal Justice Association—New York Corrections and Youth Services Association—North American Association of Wardens and Superintendents—North Carolina Correctional Association—Ohio Correctional and Court Services Association—Oklahoma Correctional Association— Parole and Probation Compact Administrators Association—Prison Fellowship—Salvation Army—South Carolina Correctional Association—Southern States Correctional Association—Texas Criminal Justice Association—Virginia Correctional Association— Volunteers of America Inc.—Washington Correctional Association—Wisconsin Correctional Association— Wyoming Correctional Association

www.facebook.com/​American Correctional​Association

www.linkedin.com/company/american- correctional-association

www.twitter.com/​ACAinfo

www.threads.net/ @amercorrectionalassoc

www.youtube.com/user/ ​AmericanCorrectional/​featured

www.instagram.com/ amercorrectionalassoc

Corrections Today | Summer 2024

6

News&Views

NEWS FROM THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

From Rob’s Desk ACA: A new look!

I am very pleased to provide been working on at the American Correctional Association. We are thrilled to announce that we are returning to a hard copy magazine with a fresh new look beginning with our Summer 2024 publication. This reimagined version of Correc tions Today will bring you the latest news, insights, and updates in the corrections field to include special features, data development, contem porary research, legal updates, Past Presidents Corner and much more. As we embrace this new look, we are also rolling out a number of new membership offerings. From online forums and talk groups, to webinars, networking events and job boards, we are committed to providing valu able resources for our members to stay informed and Advance. Con nect. Achieve. Our goal is to create a dynamic community where cor rectional professionals can come together to share ideas, best prac tices, and innovations in the field. In addition to our new maga zine format and member services, you a first look at some of the projects and initiatives we have

we are also refreshing both of our annual conference experiences. The American Correctional Association conferences are the premier event for professionals in the corrections field to gather, learn, and collaborate. This year, we are introducing new workshops focused on innovation, multiple keynote speakers, plenary sessions and networking opportuni ties to make the conference an even more enriching experience for all who attend. Our goal is to create a dynamic community where correctional professionals can come together to share ideas, best practices, and innovations in the field.

our members and enhance their experience with the American Correctional Association. From mobile apps and online trainings, certification programs and mentor ing opportunities, we are dedicated to providing our members with the tools they need to succeed in their careers and make a positive impact in the corrections field. Join us on this exciting journey as we embark on the next chapter for the American Correctional Association. Stay tuned for more updates, announcements, and insights in the coming months. Together, we can shape the future of corrections and continue the Story of Us , Professional Corrections. Thank you for your continued support and dedication to the Amer ican Correctional Association. CT

Sincerely,

We are not stopping there! As we continue to evolve and grow, we are exploring new ways to serve

Robert L. Green ACA Executive Director

Summer 2024 | Corrections Today

7

News&Views

CORRECTIONAL CHAPLAIN PERSPECTIVES

The link between adverse childhood experiences and carceral involvement of transition age youth

What is known and what is needed By Joyce Lee MPH and Elizabeth S. Barnert MD, MPH, MS

The life course and adverse childhood experiences T he Life Course Health Development (LCHD) Framework posits health development as an active process in multiple dimensions and at multiple levels and phases. 1 By recognizing the dynamic interplay of factors that shape health, LCHD theory provides a framework for a deeper look into the events in childhood that shape later health trajectories. Of these events, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are defined as a group of childhood adversities including various forms of abuse and neglect that occur before the age of 18. ACEs can be categorized into three groups: abuse, neglect, and household challenge. Examples of ACEs include physical and emotion al abuse, neglect, caregiver mental illness, and parental divorce. ACEs can have detrimental and long-term consequences on health and social outcomes, as studies have repeat edly demonstrated that exposure to ACEs is connected with poor academic performance, poor health outcomes, and chronic diseases. 2-4

One particular adverse childhood experience — that of parental or household member incarceration — is especially distressing. Many argue that juvenile incarceration itself should be considered an ACE as well. Juvenile incarceration The United States (U.S.) has the highest rate of juvenile incarceration

in the industrialized world, and the U.S. remains the only UN-member state to not have ratified the Con vention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the most respected frame work for children’s rights globally. 5 This is alarming because carceral involvement is a strong social deter minant of health that has damaging effects on health and social success into adulthood. 6 In fact, among parolees, there is an estimated

Adobe Stock/motortion

Corrections Today | Summer 2024

8

CORRECTIONAL CHAPLAIN PERSPECTIVES

two-year decline in life expectancy for each year served in prison. 7 The damaging effects are disproportion ately experienced by marginalized communities. ACEs can have a cumulative ef fect that interplay with one another to compound risk. For example, a young person who is raised in a household with a parent who strug gles with substance use, a known ACE, is more likely to miss school days, having to take care of the par ent and/or other siblings, and is less likely to do well in school. Poor per formance in school is also regarded as a social determinant of health, as it is linked to a negative impact on income and other determinants of health (such as housing). 8 Poor school performance can lead to less income and lesser ability to afford housing and transportation, with resulting adverse consequences on health outcomes. Likewise, aca demic success is often an excellent indicator for the overall well-being of youth and a determinant of adult health outcomes. Thus, the adverse experiences that a young person has, like the one exemplified, may have devastating consequences on their health. The relationship between ACEs and incarceration There also exists an undeniable relationship between ACEs and contact with the carceral system. 9-12 Research has demonstrated that youth involved in the carceral system report higher rates of ACEs than peers, and ACEs increase the likelihood of criminal behavior throughout the life course. 13-14 The

relationship between ACEs and carceral system involvement is exacerbated by factors like being unhoused and accumulation of ACEs over time. 15-16 In fact, there even may be an intergenerational aspect to ACEs. Intergenerational Transmis sion. According to article author Elizabeth Barnert and team at the University of California, Los Angeles, parents’ ACE exposure is associated with their children’s involvement in the criminal legal system across the carceral con tinuum. In fact, higher parental ACEs are associated with greater odds of their children’s arrest and conviction in the U.S. criminal legal system. Barnert and team conclude that multigenerational approaches to addressing and preventing ACEs may disrupt the intergenerational pathways to involvement in the criminal legal system. 17 ACEs, incarceration, and emerging adulthood The challenges that arise from the complex interplay among ACEs, incarceration, and health outcomes are especially difficult for transi tion age youth, or people ages 18-24. The age range between 18-24 years represents the transition to adult hood, which has critical implications for economic security, health, and well-being. 18-20 Transition age youth not only grapple with changing neurobiology that results from their maturation process, but also face the tasks of establishing autonomy, developing deep relationships out side of the family, and setting goals related to education and career.

These challenges are made more difficult by the experiences of ACEs and incarceration, in particular, during reentry, or the six-month transition period from jail back to the community. Barnert and team conclude that multigenerational approaches to addressing and preventing ACEs may disrupt the intergenerational pathways to involvement in the criminal legal system. In a nation with the highest incarceration rates in the world, transition age youth make up a sig nificant proportion of recidivism in the United States. 21 While reentry is marked by numerous challenges — such as increased risk of mortality in the first two weeks after release 6 — reentry is even further complicat ed by the developmental challenges of emerging adulthood. 18-20,22 Tran sition age youth thus face unique challenges during reentry, which is a crucial window of opportunity to help young adults launch into adulthood. Promising interventions In order to begin addressing the ways we can support people who Reentry

Summer 2024 | Corrections Today

9

News&Views

the carceral system, so that they can have a chance to live healthy and fulfilling lives. CT ENDNOTES 1 Halfon, Neal, and Miles Hochstein. “Life course health development: an integrated framework for developing health, policy, and research.” The Milbank Quarterly 80.3 (2002): 433-479. 2 Barnert, Elizabeth S., Raymond Perry, and Robert E. Morris. “Juvenile incarceration and health.” Academic pediatrics 16.2 (2016): 99-109. 3 Monnat, Shannon M., and Raeven Faye Chandler. “Long‐term physical health consequences of adverse childhood experiences.” The Sociological Quarterly 56.4 (2015): 723-752. 4 Hughes, Karen, et al. “The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” The Lancet public health 2.8 (2017): e356-e366. 5 Barnert, Elizabeth, et al. “Reimagining Children’s Rights in the US.” JAMA pediatrics 176.12 (2022): 1242-1247. 6 Barnert, Elizabeth S., Raymond Perry, and Robert E. Morris. “Juvenile incarceration and health.” Academic pediatrics 16.2 (2016): 99-109. 7 Haber, Lawrence A., Chesa Boudin, Brie A. Williams. “Criminal Justice Reform is Health Care Reform.” JAMA 331.1 (2024): 21-22. 8 Baglivio, Michael T., and Nathan Epps. “The interrelatedness of adverse childhood experiences among high-risk juvenile offenders.” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 14.3 (2016): 179-198. 9 Dudovitz, Rebecca N., et al. “Long-term health implications of school quality.” Social Science & Medicine 158 (2016): 1-7. 10 Baglivio, Michael T., Nathan Epps, Kimberly Swartz, Mona Sayedul Huq, Amy Sheer, and Nancy S. Hardt. “The prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) in the lives of juvenile offenders.” Journal of juvenile justice 3.2 (2014). 11 Wolff, Kevin T., and Michael T. Baglivio. “Adverse childhood experiences, negative emotionality, and pathways to juvenile recidivism.” Crime & Delinquency 63.12 (2017): 1495-1521. 12 Graf, Gloria Huei-Jong, et al. “Adverse childhood experiences and justice system contact: A systematic review.” Pediatrics 147.1 (2021).

have suffered from the consequences of ACEs and incarceration, several important steps are warranted. Firstly, we need to recognize that more research is needed to better understand the specific needs of transition age youth. For example, despite the immense developmen tal challenges among transition age youth, the study of ACEs and incarceration have largely focused on adolescent and adult popula tions. Given the unique challenges of this age group, more studies need to examine the relationship between ACEs and criminal legal involvement among transition age youth to iden tify opportunities for interventions. Specifically, the study of ACEs for transition age youth involved in the criminal legal system and in reentry can illuminate specific care needs and opportunities for interventions. For example, does ACE exposure affect reentry for transition age youth dif ferently than for older adults? Secondly, we need programs and policies that address comprehensive health and social services in place of, during, and/or after incarceration. Whole Person Care-Los Angeles (WPC-LA) is an example. WPC-LA, a reentry intervention delivered by the Los Angeles County Department of Health Sciences (LAC-DHS), is a program dedicated to building an integrated health system to improve care for Los Angeles County Medic aid recipients, including community members who are unhoused, preg nant, and have mental illnesses, substance use disorders, or complex health conditions. The WPC Reentry Program serves adults recently re leased from jail and provides health, social service, and community

connections. The program offers transition services before and after release, with community health workers who have lived experience in the carceral system. Enrolling over 25,000 participants over a span of only a few years, the WPC Reentry program led to at least 97% of partic ipants having a reentry care plan, an increase of 12% in primary care vis its, and a 4% decrease in emergency room visits from one year before the post-release program enrollment to one year after enrollment. 23 Programs like WPC-LA can be foundational and perhaps even life-saving for spe cific populations during the reentry period, like transition age youth. Thirdly, in addition to research on the specific needs of transition age youth as well as deployment of targeted interventions, there is a crucial need for prevention of ACE exposure during childhood in the first place, which can have inter generational benefits in lowering incarceration risk. Early ACE iden tification can be enormous for risk detection for carceral involvement and health-related problems, and practices that screen for ACEs and offer remediation are needed. Concluding thoughts Ultimately, the interplay of ACEs and carceral system involvement is complex with devastating health outcomes. Specific populations like transition age youth stand to suffer the consequences of ACEs and car ceral involvement. Robust support systems, interventions, and research are needed to better understand the lived experiences and needs of transition age youth with ACEs in

Corrections Today | Summer 2024

10

CORRECTIONAL CHAPLAIN PERSPECTIVES

13 Craig, Jessica M., et al. “A little early risk goes a long bad way: Adverse childhood experiences and life-course offending in the Cambridge study.” Journal of Criminal Justice 53 (2017): 34-45. 14 Reavis, James A., et al. “Adverse childhood experiences and adult criminality: how long must we live before we possess our own lives?.” The Permanente Journal 17.2 (2013): 44. 15 Testa, Alexander, et al. “Adverse childhood experiences and criminal justice contact in adulthood.” Academic pediatrics 22.6 (2022): 972-980. 16 Edalati, Hanie, et al. “Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of criminal justice involvement and victimization among homeless adults with mental illness.” Psychiatric services 68.12 (2017): 1288-1295. 17 Barnert, Elizabeth S., et al. “Parents’ Adverse and Positive Childhood Experiences and Offspring Involvement With the Criminal Legal System.” JAMA Network Open 6.10 (2023): e2339648-e2339648.

18 Bonnie, Richard J., and Clare Stroud. “Investing in the health and well-being of young adults.” (2017). 19 Khetarpal, Susheel K., et al. “Transition age youth mental health: addressing the gap with telemedicine.” Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 16.1 (2022): 8. 20 Wilens, Timothy E., and Jerrold F. Rosenbaum. “Transitional aged youth: a new frontier in child and adolescent psychiatry.” (2013). 21 Durose, Matthew R., Alexia D. Cooper, and Howard N. Snyder. Recidivism of prisoners released in 30 states in 2005: Patterns from 2005 to 2010 . Vol. 28. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2014. 22 Chung, Winston W., and James J. Hudziak. “The transitional age brain:“the best of times and the worst of times”.” Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics 26.2 (2017): 157-175. 23 Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. Whole Person Care Los Angeles: Impact Report June 2022. Los Angeles, CA. (June)

Joyce Lee, MPH is a medical student at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. She completed her degrees in Biology and Sociology at Williams College, and finished her MPH at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount

Sinai. She is passionate about the health of historically marginalized populations.

Elizabeth Barnert, MD, MPH, MS is an Associate Professor of Pediatrics at The David Geffen School of Medicine

at UCLA. She provides pediatric care to youth detained in the juvenile legal system. She is also the author of Reunion: Finding the Disappeared Children of El Salvador.

Setting a NEW Standard in Jails! American Correctional Association

• Enhance professionalism • Improve conditions of confinement • Enhance operations • Improve public credibility • Increase morale

Accreditation: Excellence in Jails “The ACA accreditation process is a mechanism of checks and balances, and causes correctional systems to assess all facets of their organization. When we take a critical examination of our organizational processes, it offers an opportunity for internal oversight. Correctional systems can identify challenges, discover solutions and implement operational best practices which will significantly improve organizational efficiencies.”

–Tony Wilkes, Chief of Corrections, Davidson County Sheriff’s Office (TN)

American Correctional Association Standards and Accreditation Department

Phone: (800) 222-5646 Email: davidh@aca.org • Web: www.aca.org

Summer 2024 | Corrections Today

11

Correctional Nurse Manager Certification

The CCNM First Edition Study Guide NOW AVAILABLE!

• The CCNM certification cate- gory includes individuals who work as nurse managers in a correctional environment. • They are management staff who may contribute to the development of policy and

procedures, are responsible for their implementation and have authority over staff nurses.

For more information, please email healthcare@aca.org or call 703-224-0049

12

Correctional Nurse Manager Training and Certification Curriculum

Module 1 — Health Care in Corrections Section 1A – Appropriate and Necessary Health Care Section 1B – Access to Care Section 1C – Total Quality Management Section 1D – Prevention of Contagion Module 2 — Legal Issues in Corrections Section 2A – History of Correctional Law Section 2B – Inmate Rights v. Inmate Privileges Section 2C – Landmark Court Cases Section 2D – Inmate Grievances Section 2E – Confidentiality Section 3A – Basics of Mental Illness Section 3B – Mental Health Assessments Section 3C – Crisis Intervention Section 3D – Suicide Prevention Section 3E – Trauma Informed Care Section 3F – The Multidisciplinary Service Team and Multidisciplinary Treatment Team Section 3G – Managing Disruptive Inmates Section 4A – Scope and Nature of Correctional Nursing Section 4B – Understanding the Standards of Correctional Nurse Practice Section 4C – Understanding the Standards of Professional Performance Section 4D – Ethics Section 4E – Accreditation Module 4 — Nursing Practice and Accreditation Module 3 — Behavioral Health

Module 5 — Security Section 5A – Equipment/Supplies Accountability Section 5B – Inspections and Investigations Section 5C – Problem Inmates Section 5D – Emergencies Module 6 — General and Inmate Management Section 6A – Special Needs Inmates Section 6B – Policy and Procedures Section 6C – Communication Section 6D – Classification Section 6E – Health Education Programs Module 7 — Conflict Management Section 7A – Staff Conflict Management Section 7B – Inmate Conflict Management Section 7C – Mediation Section 7D – Staff Grievances Module 8 — Human Resource Management Section 8A – Staff Management Section 8B – Recruitment and Retention Section 8C – Staff Development

Eligibility Requirements: Certified Correctional Nurse Manager (CCNM)

• RN license in good standing with corresponding state nursing board

• 2 years of correctional nurse management experience; supervises other medical personnel and administrative staff

• Associate, Bachelor of Science (B.S.), Master of Science (M.S.) in Nursing or completion of an accredited nursing program

13

News&Views

NIJ UPDATE

Restoring promise Positive research results from a program that aims to transform correctional culture By Kyleigh Clark-Moorman

The opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official posi tion or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. A program designed to create safer, more structured lives for young people in correctional facilities is showing early promise as a flexible model for institutional reform that can reduce violence and the use of restrictive housing. 1 Restoring Promise creates hous ing units grounded in human dignity for 18- to 25-year-olds in prisons and jails, informed by research on juvenile justice and international models to address institutional violence. In each unit, correctional officers and mentors — older in carcerated people serving longer sentences — help participants adjust to more structured, constructive daily schedules. Incarcerated young people in the program create and follow routines that mirror a pro ductive life on the outside of the facility as closely as possible. A program of the Vera Institute of Justice (Vera) and the MILPA

Collective (MILPA), Restoring Promise works with the corrections staff and mentors to co-create a supportive community environ ment inside their facilities. Mentors and staff aim to equip young adults with practical, social, and emotional skills to lead productive lives, both during incarceration and after their release. By design, Restoring Promise also benefits correctional officers, who often suffer from violence and stress within facilities. An in-depth evaluation of Restoring Promise, sponsored by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), found that partici pating facility staff and incarcerated individuals reported more positive institutional experiences than those who did not participate. Further, the program significantly reduced the likelihood of violent disciplinary infractions. The positive results suggest that Restoring Promise can enable cor rectional facilities to improve their culture and reduce violence. NIJ Director Nancy La Vigne said, “This landmark study gives us credible evidence that transforming prison culture to prioritize human

dignity creates safer environments for all who reside and work in cor rectional facilities.” A need for correctional solutions to physical danger and psychological harm Laws and regulations require prisons and jails to provide a safe environment that supports reha bilitation; however, the troubling reality is that many institutions and their populations experience a violence-ridden, adversarial en vironment that keeps those legal mandates beyond reach. For incarcerated people, the correctional environment may increase incidents of trauma and minimize their ability to develop prosocial ways of thinking, living, and interacting with others. 2 In ad dition, most traditional correctional facilities rely on punitive measures to control those who harm others or violate rules. Those facilities may employ restrictive housing or issue punitive citations rather than take a restorative justice approach to discipline.

Corrections Today | Summer 2024

14

NIJ UPDATE

A restorative justice approach emphasizes the need to repair the harm caused by the action. When all stakeholders — victims, those who committed the offense, the community, and criminal

justice officials — participate, healing can occur. 3 A restorative approach holds those who com mit offenses accountable for their actions. It is an approach that has been embraced by Western

European and Scandinavian correc tional systems to create real change in individuals, reduce conflict between officers and incarcerated populations, and support those returning to their communities. 4 →

RESTORING PROMISE PILOT SITES Seven correctional institutions in five states currently operate Restoring Promise programs. Vera and MILPA selected each facility for evaluation after an application process.

Institution and Restoring Promise Unit Arkansas Valley Correctional Facility| Change Maker’s Village

State

Established

Description

The Change Maker’s Village, housed at Colorado’s Arkansas Valley Cor rectional Facility, is a medium-security facility for men. Eleven mentors work with 60 young adults. During the day, nine staff are on the unit. Connecticut’s T.R.U.E. (Truthfulness, Respectfulness, Understanding, and El evating) unit, housed within the Cheshire Correctional Institution, is the longest running Restoring Promise site. Cheshire is a maximum-security facility for men. In 2021, Cheshire expanded to a second housing unit. Twenty-five mentors work with 100 young adults on the unit. During the day, 12 to 15 staff are on the unit. Connecticut houses the only Restoring Promise site at a women’s prison. W.O.R.T.H. (Women Overcoming Recidivism Through Hard Work) exists at York Correctional Institution. York is a maximum-security facility for women. Eight mentors work with 30 young adults on the unit. During the day, eight staff are on the unit. The Middlesex Jail and House of Correction is the only jail in the Restoring Prom ise initiative. P.A.C.T. stands for People Achieving Change Together. In general, six mentors work with 35 young adults. During the day, four staff are on the unit. U.N.I.T.Y. (Using Natural Integrity for Teaching Youth) Village is located at North Dakota State Penitentiary, a maximum security for men. Fifteen men tors work with 45 young adults. During the day, 6 staff are on the unit. Cadre of H.O.P.E. (Helping Other People Evolve) is housed at Lee Correctional Institute, a maximum-security prison for men. The average sentence for young adults at the Lee Correctional Institute is 18 years, and 85% of young men at Lee are Black — higher than the national average for similar offenses. Fifteen mentors work with 56 young men. During the day, two to three staff are on the unit. The C.O.R.E. (Community Opportunity Restoration Enhancement) Village, housed at South Carolina’s Turbeville Correctional Institute, is a medium security facility for men. C.O.R.E. is designed for young adults sentenced under a state law that allows judges to give either a sentence of less than three years or specialized parole supervision. Fifteen mentors work with 50 young men in the unit. During the day, two to three staff are on the unit.

Colorado

2021

Cheshire Correctional Institution | T.R.U.E. Unit

Connecticut

2017

York Correctional Institution | Women Overcoming Recidivism Through Hard Work (W.O.R.T.H.)

Connecticut

2018

Middlesex Sheriff’s Office | P.A.C.T. Community

Massachusetts

2018

North Dakota State Penitentiary | U.N.I.T.Y. Village

North Dakota

2022

Lee Correctional Institution | Cadre of H.O.P.E.

South Carolina

2019

Turbeville Correctional Institution | C.O.R.E. Village

South Carolina

2018

Summer 2024 | Corrections Today

15

News&Views

For facility staff, a violent, adver sarial environment may induce high rates of stress that affect their physi cal and mental health and harm their professional and personal relation ships. 5 Conditions in many facilities can make officers believe that if they authentically engage with incarcer ated individuals, they will become vulnerable to manipulation. 6 Traditional correctional envi ronments that typically address infractions with punitive measures (rather than measures based on restorative justice principles) can amplify harmful stress levels inside the facility. Taken together, these factors may help explain why the United States has such high levels of institutional violence, and why jails and prisons throughout the country experience

alarmingly high rates of correctional officer attrition. 7-8 Restoring Promise is a program matic response to correctional cultures of violence and adversity.

The Restoring Promise philosophy Program participants follow daily routines inside their facility that approximate life in the outside community. The program centers on four key principles: 1. Staff are key to any successful initiative. 2. Young adults are held ac countable for their actions. 3. Safety is the responsibility of everyone working and living in the institution. 4. Family involvement is an important source of motiva tion and can reinforce positive behaviors. See Table 1 below, for a description of typical Restoring Promise components.

An initiative to transform correctional culture

When the Restoring Promise initiative began in 2016, the goal was to engage with agencies across the nation to improve correctional culture. 9 As a first step, research on juvenile justice and international program models provided founda tional knowledge of what works. To date, Restoring Promise has partnered with departments of cor rections in seven facilities located in five states. See “Restoring Promise Pilot Sites on page 15”.

Table 1: Typical Restoring Promise components.

Component

Description

Restoring Promise requires staff to complete a program curriculum. Staffing ratio varies by institution, falling be tween 1:8 and 1:20 staff-to-participants.

Staffing

Participants have 15 hours out-of-cell time, which includes unlimited or extended access to outdoor space.

Out-of-Cell Time

Community spaces vary by unit, but incarcerated participants design the spaces. For example, units have cells refur bished for different purposes, such as meditation, religious activity, computers, or conflict resolution.

Recreation Spaces

Everyone must perform assigned chores.

Unit Responsibilities

Restorative circles are used to determine responses to infractions. Restorative justice principles inform sanctions. They do not include restrictions in family phone calls or visits or the use of solitary confinement. Mentors, who are over 25 and serving longer sentences, receive training in a Restoring Promise curriculum. Mentors live and work in the units. Program staff select mentors through a rigorous application process. Programs may have individual or group mentorship. Participants, mentors, staff, and outside volunteers design and offer workshops on topics such as conflict resolution or parenting. Units have unlimited slots for programs.

Unit Accountability

Mentorship

Access to Workshops and Learning

Units have check-ins twice a day to discuss topics such as accomplishments and mental wellbeing.

Community Building

Families attend an orientation session and regular meetings with their family members, staff, and mentors. Families have at least four visits a month.

Family Engagement

Corrections Today | Summer 2024

16

NIJ UPDATE

Restoring Promise program sites support corrections professionals and mentors who work as a team to create a supportive commu nity environment inside facilities. Everyone on the unit develops workshops and educational oppor tunities that help the young adults navigate incarceration and prepare them for life after release. Restoring Promise evaluation outcomes Vera and MILPA researchers found generally positive results as they evaluated how units oper ated at the Restoring Promise sites. They explored multiple outcomes and found some commonalities in all the programs studied. Each unit provided a consistent daily routine and used mentorship, restorative justice practices, and family engage ment to encourage rehabilitation. In each site: – Mentors collaborated with staff to create daily unit schedules; they all conducted workshops and other classes, maintained accountability, and worked one-on-one with young adults in the program. – Units often used restorative circles to foster accountability when participants broke unit agreements. In this exercise, those in the unit gather in a circle, discuss mistakes, and resolve issues together. – Program staff encouraged family engagement by conduct ing a family orientation and then allowing special family engagement visits. These ad ditional visits occurred twice

per month and allowed par ticipants to engage in activities with their families while in volving unit staff and mentors. Restoring Promise tailored unit structure and approach to each facility’s environment. Notably, the program in the women’s prison allowed mentees to choose their mentor after building relationships (as opposed to assigning mentors to mentees) and hosted family meet ings and phone calls in addition to family engagement visits. Using the same five sites, re searchers used a survey to identify differences in correctional culture when comparing those living and working in Restoring Promise units to those in the general prison popu lations. Survey findings revealed that people involved in Restor ing Promise — both incarcerated individuals and correctional staff — had positive experiences associ ated with the program’s practices, including perceptions of safety, fairness, a sense of purpose, and family connections. Compared to the people living and working in the general population, those in Restor ing Promise units reported more positive experiences. A rigorous evaluation of pro gram impact on misconduct In addition to the survey, re searchers conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evalu ate Restoring Promise’s impact on misconduct using the two South Carolina sites. The evaluation found that young adults who participated in Restoring

Promise were 73% less likely to be convicted of a violent infraction in prison during their first year of the program, compared to those in the general population who did not par ticipate. In addition, participation in the program was associated with an 83% decrease in the likelihood of time spent in restrictive housing units. The researchers determined that participation in the program contributed to these differences. However, the study did not find significant impacts on disciplinary misconduct, injuries, grievances, medical and mental health interven tions, or staff use of force. Because of these results, the program recently received a “promising” rating from NIJ’s practice and program clearinghouse, CrimeSolutions.gov. 10 Conclusion NIJ-sponsored research on the Restoring Promise initiative shows it to be an encouraging program framework with strong potential to reduce violence and relieve adversar ial tension in correctional facilities. In evaluated facilities, Restoring Promise is associated with a lower likelihood of violence and placement in restrictive housing. The correctional field would ben efit from additional evaluations of Restoring Promise and similar mod els in other correctional settings, as well as more research on cost effectiveness and program impact on participants’ success upon reentry into to the larger community. But research to date suggests Restoring Promise may be an effective way to make incarceration a more positive

Summer 2024 | Corrections Today

17

News&Views

experience for individuals living and working in prisons and jails. CT ENDNOTES 1 For more information on the program, participating locations, and evaluation results, see Shanahan, Ryan. 2023. Research and evaluation in corrections: Restoring Promise. Washington, D.C.: National Criminal Justice Reference Service. (June). https://www.ojp.gov/ pdffiles1/nij/grants/306958.pdf; and the Vera Institute of Justice’s Restoring Promise website at https://restoringpromise.vera.org. 2 Delaney, Ruth, Ram Subramanian, Alison Shames and Nicholas Turner. 2018. Examining prisons today. Brooklyn, NY: Vera Institute of Justice. (September). https://www.vera.org/ reimagining-prison-web-report/examining prisons-today 3 Hurley, Martha Henderson. 2009. Restorative practices in institutional settings and at release: Victim wrap around programs. Federal Probation Journal , 73 (1). https://www.uscourts. gov/federal-probation-journal/2009/06/ restorative-practices-institutional-settings-and release-victim.

4 Delaney, Ruth, Ram Subramanian, Alison Shames, and Nicholas Turner. 2018. Reimagining prison report. Brooklyn, NY: Vera Institute of Justice. (October). https://www. vera.org/downloads/publications/Reimagining Prison_FINAL3_digital.pdf 5 Wills, Candence, Kayla Bates, Natasha A. Frost and Carlos E. Monteiro. 2021. Barriers to help-seeking among correction officers: Examining the influence of institutional culture and structure. Criminal Justice Studies , 34(4): 423-440. https://doi.org/10.1080/147860 1X.2021.1997276. 6 Higgins, Ethan M., Justin Smith, and Kristin Swartz. 2022. “We keep the nightmares in their cages”: Correctional culture, identity, and the warped badge of honor. Criminology , 60(3): 429-454. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12306; Wooldredge, John. 2020. Prison culture, management, and in-prison violence. Annual Review of Criminology , 3: 165-188. https://doi. org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041359. 7 Widra, Emily. 2020. No escape: The trauma of witnessing violence in prison. Prison Policy Initiative. (December). https://www. prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/12/02/witnessing prison-violence.

8 Prison Policy Initiative. 2022. Working in “a meat grinder”: A research roundup showing prison and jail jobs aren’t all that states promise they will be. (May). https://www.prisonpolicy.org/ blog/2022/05/09/correctional_jobs. 9 For more information on the program, participating locations, and evaluation results, see Shanahan, Ryan. 2023. Research and evaluation in corrections: Restoring Promise. Washington, D.C.: National Criminal Justice Reference Service. (June). https://www.ojp.gov/ pdffiles1/nij/grants/306958.pdf; and the Vera Institute of Justice’s Restoring Promise website at https://restoringpromise.vera.org.

10 Add CrimeSolutions page once published.

Kyleigh Clark-Moorman is a social science research analyst at the National Institute of Justice. Dr. Clark-Moorman supports research on corrections.

Enjoy a year of Corrections Today for FREE as one of the many benefits of ACA membership!

MEMBERSHIP $35 PER YEAR!

— Quarterly Corrections Today magazine — Discounts on training — Nominate individuals to leadership positions — Digital ACAConnect and Corrections Digest e-newsletters — Voting privileges in ACA elections (excludes Associate Members) — Discounts on ACA publications, videos and e-learning courses — Customized savings on dining, retail shopping, travel and entertainment Membership Services Support Center: 1-866-538-1929

Visit aca.org under the Membership tab

Corrections Today | Summer 2024

18