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inmates with the opportunity to enroll soon after they enter prison as opposed to within their last year. Enrolling into reentry programming toward the end of a sentence is often too late to assist individuals who have been incar- cerated for years and may need additional time to prepare for the outside world. On the outside, several other initiatives have begun to take shape to address these issues, including expand- ing the federal hiring of formerly incarcerated persons by the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) and limit - ing mandatory and indefinite collateral consequences to promote fair, consistent and transparent application of discretionary consequences (Justice Center, 2021). With cities across the United States seeing increases in violent crime, particularly gun violence in the past year, the Biden Administration and their five-point proposal is only the beginning of what should be an exhaustive list of initiatives that must be implemented to address crime. This however will require an “all hands-on deck” approach that includes the buy in of prison officials, probation officers, judges, reentry centers, practitioners, reentry specialists and law enforcement. Public safety is a community responsibility that involves providing justice involved individuals the opportunity to be successful on the outside. This not only is a benefit to them, but also a benefit to our community, economy and public safety. Resources Bensel, T & Craw, M. (2018). Neighborhood is Key Factor in Recidivism Rates for Ex-Offenders in Arkansas. University of Arkansas Little Rock. Retrieved from https://ualr.edu/news/2018/04/24/neighborhood-recidivism-rates-ex- offenders-arkansas/ Bischoff, L. (2021, May 31st). Nearly 1 in 3 go back to Ohio Prisons. The Columbus Dispatch. https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/2021/05/28/ohio- sees-steady-climb-prison-recidivism-rate/5143605001/ Brown, T. (2021, June 21st). South Carolina: Darlington County prison camp inmate schooling fellow inmates on lucrative career. ABC15 News. https:// wpde.com/news/local/darlington-county-prison-camp-inmate-schooling-fellow- inmates-on-lucrative-career Bucknor, C. & Barber, A. (2016). Center for Economic and Policy Research. “ The Price We Pay: Economic Costs of Barriers to Employment for Former Prisoners and People Convicted of Felonies”. https://cepr.net/report/the-price- we-pay-economic-costs-of-barriers-to-employment-for-former-prisoners-and- people-convicted-of-felonies/ Doleac, J. (2018). Strategies to Productively Reincorporate the Formerly Incarcerated into Communities: A Review of the Literature. I Z An Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved from http://ftp.iza.org/dp11646.pdf Edosomwan, E., & Baab, K. (2011, Decem ber). Rural reentry: Housing options and obstacles for ex-offenders, Washington, DC: HUD

Gardyasz, J. (2021, June 22nd). United Way of Central Iowa receives 1.86M federal grant for ex-offender reentry program. Business Record, https:// businessrecord.com/Content/Default/All-Latest-News/Article/United-Way-of- Central-Iowa-receives-1-86M-federal-grant-for-ex-offender-reentry- program/-3/248/93723 Hillyer, H. A. (2016). Reducing the rate of prison recidivism in Florida by providing state corporate income tax credits to businesses as an incentive for employment of ex-felons, Barry Law Review , 21 (1) 105-122. https://lawpublications.edu/barrylrev/vol21/iss1/4 Hinton, T. (2018). Citizen perceptions of institutional disparities and the reintegration of nonviolent drug related offenders. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Holzer, H. J., Ra phael, S., & Stoll, M. A. (2003). Employment barriers for facing ex-offenders. Paper presented at The Urban Reentry Roundtable. New York: New York University Law School. http://www.urban.org/ publications/410855.html James, N. (2015) Offender Reentry: Correctional Statistics, Reintegration into the Community, and Recidivism. Congressional Research Service. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL34287.pdf Justice Center (2021). Removing Structural Barriers to Employment: A playbook for every state. Justice Center, The Council of State Governments. Retrieved from https://csgjusticecenter.org/publications/removing-structural- barriers/national-playbook/ Oluwasegun, O., & Ritter-Williams, D. Georgios Antonopoulos (Reviewing editor) (2019) A phenomenological study of employer perspectives on hiring ex- offenders, Cogent Social Sciences , 5 (1), DOI: 10.1080/23311886.2019.1571730 O’Neil, C. (2021, June 23rd). North Carolina: CFCC Receives $4M Grant to Support Inmate Workforce Training. Wilmington Biz. http://www. wilmingtonbiz.com/education/2021/06/23/cfcc_receives_4m_grant_to_ support_inmate_workforce_training/21990 National Hire Network. (2017). Title. https://www.hirenetwork.org/content/ federal-bonding-program National Inventory of the Collateral Consequences of Conviction (2021). https://niccc.nationalreentryresourcecenter.org/ Wagner, P. & Rabuy, B. (2017). Following the Money of Mass Incarceration . Prison Policy Initiative Publications . https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/ money.html Wise, A (2021). ‘It’s An Outrage’: Biden Outlines New Steps to Curb Surging Gun Violence. National Public Radio: Politics. Retrieved from https://www. npr.org/2021/06/23/1009281690/the-white-house-announces-new-steps-to-try- to-curb-surging-gun-violence The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act. (n.d.). United States Department of Labor. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/wioa.

Dr. Terrance Hinton serves as a lecturer within the Sociology Department at The Ohio State University, as well as a reentry consultant at Medlin Workforce & Reentry Solutions LLC.

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