Corrections_Today_November_December_2021_Vol.83_No.6

Destination: Global Eagle p. 24

Today Corrections November/December 2021

151 st Congress of Correction Recap p. 36

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American Correctional Association Corrections Today November/December 2021 Vol. 83, No. 6

Features 18

Addressing Crime Through Workforce Development By Terrance Hinton, Ph.D.

36 Conference Overview

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Music City a hit with conference goers By Kirk Raymond

Destination: Global Eagle By Charles Mautz, MA and Cynthia Thornton, BA

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Find a Solution Mentorship at the Florida Department of Corrections By The Florida Department of Corrections

Cover photo: istock/Liliboas

2 — November/December 2021 Corrections Today

Chapters and affiliates

Alabama Council on Crime and Delinquency—Albany Criminal Justice Association—Alston Wilkes Society—American Catholic Correctional Ministries—American Correctional Health Services Association—American Institute of Architects—American Jail Association—American Probation and Parole Association—Appalachian State University Student Chapter— Arizona Probation, Parole and Corrections Association—Arizona State University ACA Student Chapter—Association for Correctional Research and Information Management—Association of Correctional Food Service Affiliates—Association of Paroling Authorities International—Association of State Correctional Administrators—Association of Programs for Female Offenders—Association of Women Executives in Corrections—Bellmont High School Student Chapter—Brown Mackie College ACA Student Chapter— California Probation, Parole and Correctional Association—Caribbean Correctional Association—Champlain Valley Educational Services— Clayton State University Justice Society—Colorado Criminal Justice Association—Columbia-Greene Community College—Criminal Justice Club Student Chapter—Concordia University Sociology of Law & Justice Club—Connecticut Criminal Justice Association—Correctional Accreditation Managers Association—Correctional Association of Massachusetts— Correctional Education Association—Correctional Healthcare Providers of the United States—Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators—District of Columbia Criminal Justice Association—Eastern Kentucky University Corrections and Juvenile Justice Student Association—Family and Corrections Network—Florida Council on Crime and Delinquency—Harrison College Criminal Justice Association Student Chapter—Hawaii Criminal Justice Association—Historical Association for Corrections—Illinois Correctional Association—Indiana Criminal Justice Association—Integrated Correctional Association of the Philippines (ICAP) Inc.—International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology—International Association of Correctional Training Personnel—International Correctional Arts Network—International Corrections and Prisons Association— International Community Corrections Association—Iowa Corrections Association—Jamaica Federation of Corrections—ITT-Technical Institute ACA Student Chapter—Ivy Tech Community College Terre Haute Branch ACA Student Chapter—Juvenile Justice Trainers Association—Kansas Correctional Association—Kentucky Council on Crime and Delinquency

Inc.—Louisiana Correctional Association—Martin University Student Chapter—Maryland Criminal Justice Association—Michigan Corrections Association—Middle Atlantic States Correctional Association—Minnesota Corrections Association—Missouri Corrections Association—Missouri Western University Student Chapter—Moraine Park Technical College Corrections Club—National Association of Blacks in Criminal Justice— National Association of Correctional Record Administrators and Supervisors—National Association of Juvenile Correctional Agencies— National Association of Probation Executives—National Association of Adult and Juvenile State Corrections Mental Health Directors—National Correctional Industries Association Inc.—National Council on Crime and Delinquency—National Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators— National Juvenile Detention Association—National Major Gang Task Force— National Organization of Hispanics in Criminal Justice—National Partnership for Juvenile Services—Nebraska Correctional Association—Nevada Corrections Association—New Jersey Chapter Association—New Mexico Criminal Justice Association—New York Corrections and Youth Services Association—North American Association of Wardens and Superintendents— North Carolina Correctional Association—Northern Illinois University Academic Justice Association—Ohio Correctional and Court Services Association—Oklahoma Correctional Association—Oregon Criminal Justice Association—Parole and Probation Compact Administrators Association— Pennsylvania Association of Probation, Parole and Corrections—Pierce College Criminal Justice Club—Prison Fellowship—Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation Association—Richmond Community College Student Chapter—St. Augustine’s College ACA Student Chapter— Salvation Army—South Carolina Correctional Association—Southern States Correctional Association—State University of New York–Albany—Tennessee Corrections Association—Texas Corrections Association—University of Central Missouri Student Chapter—University of Illinois/Chicago Criminal Justice Society—Utah Correctional Association—Virginia Correctional Association—Volunteers of America Inc.—Washburn University ACA Student Chapter—Washington Correctional Association—Western Illinois University Corrections Club—Western Correctional Association—Westwood College Angels—Wisconsin Correctional Association—WITC New Richmond Criminal Justice Club—Wyoming Correctional Association

OFFICERS President Tony C. Parker, Tennessee Immediate Past President Gary C. Mohr, Ohio Vice President Tony M. Wilkes, Tennessee President-Elect Denise M. Robinson, Ohio Treasurer Harbans S. Deol, Ph.D., Nebraska Board of Governors Representatives Elizabeth F. “Beth” Arthur Derrick D. Schofield, Ph.D. Secretary James A. Gondles Jr., CAE, Virginia EDITORIAL STAFF EDITOR-IN-CHIEF James A. Gondles Jr., CAE Managing Editor Kirk Raymond GRAPHICS AND PRODUCTION STAFF Graphic Designer Carla DeCarlo ADVERTISING AND MARKETING STAFF Director, Conventions, Advertising and Corporate Relations Kelli McAfee Production Coordinator Mary Misisco ACA Executive Office and Directors Executive Director James A. Gondles Jr., CAE Deputy Executive Director Jeffrey Washington senior executive Assistant India Vargas

Article and photo submissions: Managing Editor, 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314; email submissions@aca.org. Articles must be in Microsoft Word. Please include all contact information. Unless expressly requested in writing, all photos and artwork submitted become the property of ACA and may be used in future ACA publications. Articles and photos will not be returned unless expressly requested by author. Microfilm: Corrections Today is available for electronic reproduction through ProQuest Information and Learning Co., 300 N. Zeeb Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346; 313-761-4700.

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Statements contained in Corrections Today are the personal views of the authors and do not constitute ACA policy unless so indicated. ACA does not assume responsibility for the content of Corrections Today as submitted by contributors, reserves the right to edit all articles and, if necessary, condense them. The publication of any advertisement by ACA is neither an endorsement of the advertiser nor of the products or services advertised. ACA is not responsible for any claims made in advertisements. Mission statement: The American Correctional Association provides a professional organization for all individuals and groups, both public and private, that share a common goal of improving the justice system. Corrections Today ( ISSN 0190-2563, USPS 019-640) is published six times a year in January/February, March/April, May/June, July/August, September/October, November/ December by the American Correctional Association, 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314; 703-224-0000. Periodicals postage paid at Alexandria, VA 22314 and additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to Corrections Today, Attn: Membership Department, 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314. Subscriptions are included in annual membership dues. Nonmember subscription rates are $25 per year for Corrections Today ($36 value) or $6 per issue. Send change of address notice and a recent mailing label to Membership and Customer Service Department, ACA, 60 days before the actual change of address. ACA will not replace undelivered copies resulting from an address change. Printed in USA. Vol. 83, No. 6. Copyright 2021 by the American Correctional Association.

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International Initiatives Director Elizabeth Gondles, Ph.D. — Senior Director Office of Correctional Health Director Elizabeth Gondles, Ph.D. — Senior Director Mike Miskell, MPH, CHES ® — Director Standards and Accreditation Director David Haasenritter Professional Development Director Elizabeth Gondles, Ph.D. — Senior Director Denaye Prigmore — Director Information Technology Acting Director Jeffrey Washington

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Corrections Today November/December 2021 — 3

6 News&Views From Jim’s Desk 8 Correctional Chaplain Perspectives 12 NIJ Update 65 ACA Featured Departments 6

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66 Welcome New Members 70 Certification List 72 Bookshelf 75 E.R. Cass Award Nomination Form 78 Accreditation Byline 84 Corrections Calendar 86 Index to Advertisers/ Product Index

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The American Correctional Association is fully engaged in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. ACA has taken the lead to provide its members around the world with vital information geared to protecting the health and safety of correctional professionals everywhere. From webinars, produced by ACA’s Office of Correctional Health, to the latest information that focuses on managing the stress of uncertainty by taking care of you, ACA’s re- sponse has been intelligent, knowledgeable and thorough. In an unprecedented display of servant-leadership, ACA has brought together its sponsors, supporters and other correctional organizations to give valuable and much need- ed resources to those who need it at no charge. To stay abreast of this “emerging, rapidly evolving situation,” we en- courage you to visit the ACA website regularly. There you will find online COVID-19 resources, important information, messages from our leadership and ACA’s “Wall of Honor” which lists our correctional heroes who gave their last full measure in fighting this insidious virus.

4 — November/December 2021 Corrections Today

The Wall of Honor

A dedication to the corrections professionals who gave their last full measure.

When the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic struck, lives were upended every- where. Some lives were lost and, unfortunately, the loss of life continues to rise daily. Most of us know that it is the “first responders” to whom we owe an unpayable debt. And among those brave individuals, standing front and center, are the proud men and women of corrections. It is with heavy hearts that we join grief-stricken families and loved ones to express our heartfelt sympathies for those who have died be- cause of this insidious virus. Visit www.aca,org to view the most current list of names of the corrections professionals who gave their last full measure.

Visit www.aca.org and click on the “Wall of Honor” spotlight link.

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From Jim’s Desk nEWS&vIEWS

Controversial subjects

H ave you ever noticed nearly every subject today becomes controversial? Global warm- ing, anyone? Immigration, anyone? Education, anyone? Foreign rela- tions, anyone? Covid shots, anyone? Our life has reached a point where virtually any subject invokes strong feelings from whomever may be discussing it. From religion to the classroom, we do not hold back our deeply ingrained opinions. Inject politics into it and it becomes fire and brimstone. And for the record I include myself in this arena. During the pandemic I decided to stop watching the news, talking heads and news programming. My choice for “news” today is what I choose to read, if I even choose to do that. Occasionally I am asked if I know something is going on in the world, and often I have no idea what the questioner is talking about. Oh sure, I try to stay somewhat abreast of national and international happenings but only when I stumble onto the subject through what little

istock/MF3d

news I do read. I can not tell you too much about the infrastructure bill, the social networking bill or the Supreme Court agenda. I can say I know they are issues, but any speci- ficity leaves me cloudy. There was a time when I read, watched or listened to anything I could. Today I’m more interested in how many days the Jeopardy cham- pion has won, whether Bob Hearts Abishola and marries her, will the Sooners go to a bowl game and what are we doing for Thanksgiving.

I feel much better and am much happier thinking about those things than worrying about our relations with North Korea or the Taliban. Covid or no covid, I’m sticking to comedy and sports and tuning out the news and talking heads.

James A. Gondles Jr., CAE ACA Executive Director

6 — November/December 2021 Corrections Today

Registration and Housing is Now Open!

www.aca.org

Jan. 6–9, 2022

Questions? Please contact Kelli McAfee, Director of Conventions, Advertising and Corporate Relations, at 800-222-5646, ext 0011 or via email at kellim@aca.org

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nEWS&vIEWS

Correctional Chaplain Perspectives

A virtuous prison through staff investment By Kristi Miller Anderson, Ph.D. and Genevieve Turner, JD A s the administrator, advisor, and supervisor over work involving spiritual welfare fall and to be redeemed. Each person is endued with human dignity that standards, but practically what do these words mean in the context of a prison setting? Does the notion of a “virtuous prison” defy its pur-

should be respected because they have inherent value. But often the ethos, structure, and culture of a prison itself can cause a rift between these truths and the way inmates experience their prison sentences, the interactions they have with staff, and the workplace environment. Virtue, righteousness, morality, and goodness: We all intuitively know these characteristics define behavior that shows high moral

and religious guidance for prison and jail populations, correctional chaplains wear many hats. A fitting description of the Chaplaincy can be summed up in 1 Corinthians 9:22, “ I have become all things to all people so that by all possible means I might save some. ” Chaplains are called to remember that “hurt people hurt people,” and that all people have the capacity to

pose? How can the place that hosts the most deviant of the population be considered “virtuous?” And yet, as Fyodor Dostoevsky says, “ The degree of civilization in a society can be judged by entering its prisons.” A related truism spoken from Mahatma Gandhi is also applicable: “ The true measure of any society can be found in how it treats its most vulnerable members.” In 1789, prison reform began taking place in America, and by the early 1800s the American people became more infatuated with the possibility of exchanging corpo- ral punishment for a rehabilitative model of incarceration. 1. To distance themselves from the remnants of the Monarchial principles left in the United States from England, “barbarous” statutes and forms of punishment were being changed. 2 Essentially, the young country was looking at the mission of the prison system through a completely new lens — focusing on moral rehabilita- tion over punitive deterrence. Early reform leaders decided that to give inmates the tools they needed to effectuate change in themselves,

istock/fizkes

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Correctional Chaplain Perspectives

in Brazil is high, APAC has reduced that cost by 1/3. 11, 12 The APAC for- mula is clear, “ Treat the human being as a subject of rights and duties, with respect so that he can respect himself also. And with love so he can then respond with love. Nobody is unre- coverable. We start from that premise and that is our motto .” 13 Current U.S. prisons and jails host religion classes and religious services, educational opportuni- ties, addiction recovery services, counseling, and a slew of other well- intentioned programs meant to drive positive change for inmates. So why is America stuck in a punitive system prone to violence and negative con- sequences for all of those who reside or work within a prison? How does the nation move the needle from the highest incarceration rate in the world with nearly half of the inmates released return for a parole/probation violation or a new sentence within three years? 14 A theory is emerging and gaining more traction in America asking if investment in frontline correctional staff could help open the door to true and lasting cultural change, sig- nificantly reducing recidivism in the process. Just like APAC’s ideology to treat inmates with love so they then can respond with love, the same counter-culture shift should extend to correctional officers, counselors, and other frontline employees. Correctional staff deal with a unique combination of traumatic, organizational, and operational stressors. In addition, many cor- rectional officers and staff have a history of dealing with trauma, adversity, and hardships that impact their psychological, emotional, and

the way institutions were developed would have to change. In fact, The American Correctional Association (“ACA”) was founded over 150 years ago on this very principle: “The treatment of criminals by society is for the protec- tion of society. But since such treatment is directed to the criminal rather than the crime, its great object should be his moral regeneration. The state has not discharged its whole duty to the criminal when it has punished him, nor even when it has re- formed him ... Having lifted him up, it has further duty to aid in holding him up.” —ACA Declaration of Principles, 1870 Unfortunately, America has seemingly reverted to a correctional system that values retribution over restoration. It is time to evaluate and elevate the culture of the institu- tion to develop a model that infuses virtue not only into the hearts and minds of inmates, but also into the culture of a prison for all of those inside. Looking back at the years lead- ing up to the Progressive Era, the catalyst behind prison reform was a religious one driven by the notion of a higher purpose. 3 Today, penologists call for the restoration of a moral purpose behind prison walls. This goal seems lofty, but experts argue the key to restore the moral pur- pose of corrections is to transform custodial institutions into virtuous prisons. 4

The model of virtue and hu- man dignity has been successfully implemented in other countries like Norway 5 , Germany 6 , and Singapore, 7 amongst others. For example, the Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted (APAC) method was launched in Brazil in 1972.

It is time to evaluate and

elevate the culture of the institution to develop a model that infuses virtue not only into the hearts and minds of inmates, but also into the culture of a prison for all of those inside. APAC seeks to humanize prisons and punishment, ultimately working with the inmates (called “recuperan- dos”) to establish “ a tripod of love, trust, and discipline ” – all of this with very little guard presence and without weapons or violence. 8 Al- though the recidivism rate in Brazil is between 80-85%, the APAC rate is only 15%. 9 Although prison violence is extremely high in Brazil, APAC has never had a registered rebel- lion. 10 Although the cost per inmate

Corrections Today November/December 2021 — 9

nEWS&vIEWS

physical health. 15 Research on the impact of the job on correctional officers is alarming. These individu - als experience a sixteen-year shorter life expectancy, a 39% higher suicide rate, and are 20% more likely to di- vorce their partners compared to the general public. 16 The stress involved in maintaining hypervigilance is overwhelming not only on the body, but also the mind. Prolonged stress leads to burnout, referred to as “cor- rections fatigue” within the criminal justice system. 17 Common stages include: 1. Emotional Exhaustion — Feelings of emotional overextension and a lack of emotional resources. 2. Depersonalization —A nega- tive, callous, or excessively detached response to other people who are usually the recipients of one’s services of care. 3. Reduced Personal Accom- plishment —A decline in feelings of competence and the successful achievement of one’s work. 18 Correctional staff investment is paramount in achieving a positive environment. Unfortunately, the research regarding the impact of the job on the health and personal problems corrections staff experience reveals a possible explanation for the overarching negative prison culture. Burnout is a terrible place from which to live. Not only for the cor- rectional officer and the negative impact this occupation has on an individual’s personal life and family,

but for the ethos of the prison as a whole. Research suggests rehabilitation- oriented officers seek to help inmates more, creating more personal respect for officers. 19 When mutual respect between staff and residents exists, and positive interactions are present- ing, prison culture can change for the better. But how can correctional staff promote such ideals of hope for someone else if they have lost it themselves? As chaplains, realistically the ability to significantly impact organizational issues like manda- tory overtime, employee turnover, salaries, job vacancies, and leave time, does not exist. Even without that authority, the ability to model virtuous behavior, intentionally inter- act with staff, and improve the social work environment for all is still possible. By nature, chaplains focus on fostering virtue among the inmate

population and already have a reha- bilitative mindset. What steps could be taken to extend the audience and foster virtue within the correctional staff that results in a holistic prison environment? The opportunity to affect true and lasting change is behind the walls of America’s prisons. When staff are working in their purpose, so many lives have the potential to be changed for the better. This includes not only staff’s own health and wellbeing, but also their partners, spouses, and fam- ily members. In addition, the inmates with whom correctional staff interact and ultimately members of the com- munities where staff and returning citizens reside will be benefactors of this far-reaching change. When reflecting on the hats chaplains wear, perhaps there is room to invite correctional staff into the flock. In a dark world, there is always an opportunity to be the light.

For More Information

on tools and resources regarding correctional staff investment and wellness, please visit

Website: 4thpurpose.org; Button art: istock/ladyslava Yakovenko

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Correctional Chaplain Perspectives

EndNotes 1 Rothman, David J. 1995. The Oxford history of the prison: the practice of punishment in western society . New York: Oxford University Press. 2 Id. 3 Cullen, Francis T., Jody L. Sundt and John F. Wozniak. 2014. The virtuous prison. In The American Prison , eds. Francis T. Cullen, Cheryl Lero Jonson and Mary K. Stohr, 61-84. California: SAGE Publications, Inc. 4 Id. 5 Labutta, Emily. 2017. The prisoner as one of us: Norwegian wisdom for American Penal Practice. Emory International Law Review, 31(2):329-359. https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=1177&context=eilr 6 Subramanian, Ram and Alison Shames. Sentencing and prison practices in Germany and the Netherlands: Implications for the United States . New York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice, 2013. 7 Tan, Alicia J.H. and Shana S. Sim. 2021. Transformational environment in the Singapore prison service. Advancing Corrections , ed. 11, art.2:24-40. 8 2020. APAC: Prisons without guards, police, weapons, violence, corruption, drugs, and discrimination. Justice Trends . https:// justice-trends.press/the-apac-revolution-prisons- without-guards-without-police-without-weapons- without-violence-without-corruption-without- drugs-without-discrimination/. 9 Id. 10 Id. 11 Picanco, Lara Bartilotti. Brazil’s mass incarceration policy has not stopped crime. Think Brazil . A blog of the Brazil Institute. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/brazils- mass-incarceration-policy-has-not-stopped-crime 12 Gray, Alex. 2018. This Brazilian prison gives inmates the keys to their cells. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/ in-these-humane-brazilian-prisons-inmates-hold- the-keys-to-their-cells. 13 2020. APAC: Prisons without guards, police, weapons, violence, corruption, drugs, and discrimination. Justice Trends . https:// justice-trends.press/the-apac-revolution-prisons- without-guards-without-police-without-weapons- without-violence-without-corruption-without- drugs-without-discrimination/. 14 Bureau of Justice Statistics, US DOJ (2021) Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 34 States in

Statement of Ownership U.S. Postal Service STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CIRCULATION (required by Section 3685, Title 39, United States Code), (1) Title of Publication: CORRECTIONS TODAY. (2) Publication No.: 019-640. (3) Date of Filing: October 7, 2021. (4) Frequency of Issue: 6 times per year. (5) No. of Issues Published Annually: 6. (6) Annual Subscription Price: $35 (7) & (8) Complete Mailing Address of Known Office of Publication/Headquarters of Publisher: 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314. (9) Full Names and Complete Mailing Addresses of Publisher and Editor. Publisher: James A. Gondles Jr. Editor: Kirk Raymond. American Correctional Association, 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314. (10) Name and Complete Mailing Address of Owner: American Correctional Association, 206 N. Washington St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314. (11) Known Bondholders, Mortgages, and Other Security Holders Owning or Holding One Percent or More of Total Amount of Bonds, Mortgages or Other Securities: Sandy Springs Bank 17801 Georgia Ave. Olney, MD 20832. (12) The Purpose, Function, and Nonprofit Status of This Organization and the Exempt Status for Federal Income Tax Purposes: Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months. (13) Publication name: CORRECTIONS TODAY. (14) Issue date for circulation data: March/April 2020. (15) Extent and Nature of Circulation: Average No. of Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months: (a) Total Number of Copies (Net Press Run): 6,796. (b) Paid and/or Requested Circulation: (1) Paid and/or requested mail subscriptions: 6,646. (3) Other classes mailed through USPS: 150. (c) Total Paid and/or Requested Circulation (sum of (15b1) and (15b3): 6,796. (d3) Free Distribution by Mail (Samples; Complimentary; and other Free): 0. (d4) Free Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or Other Means): 0. (e) Total Free Distribution (sum of (15d3) and (15d4)): 23 (f) Total Distribution (sum of (15c) and (15e)): 6,796. (g) Copies Not Distributed: 0. (h) Total (sum of (15f) and (15g)): 6,796. (i) Percent Paid and/or Requested Circulation (15c/15f x 100): 100 percent. Actual No. of Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date: (a) Total No. of Copies (Net Press Run): 6,796; (b) Paid and/or Requested Circulation: (1) Mail subscriptions: 6,796 (3) Other classes mailed through USPS: 0. (c) Total Paid and/ or Requested Circulation (sum of (15b1) and (15b3)): 6,796. (d3) Free Distribution by Mail (Samples; Complimentary; and other Free): 0. (d4) Free Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or Other Means): 0. (e) Total Free Distribution (sum of (15d3) and (15d4)): 0. (f) Total Distribution (sum of (15c) and (15e)): 6,796. (g) Copies Not Distributed: 0. (h) Total (sum of (15f) and (15g)): 6,796. Percent Paid and/or Requested Circulation (15c/15f x 100): 100 percent. (17) This Statement of Ownership will be printed in the November/December 2021 issue of this publication. (18) I certify that the statements made by me above are correct and complete: Kirk Raymond, director, Communications and Publications.

2012: A 5-Year Follow-Up Period (2012–2017). Retrieved from https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/ publications/recidivism-prisoners-released- 34-states-2012-5-year-follow-period-2012-2017 15 Spinaris, Caterina G. 2020. Mission critical: Correctional employee health and wellness. AmericanJails . https://desertwaters.com/ wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2020_Spinaris_ Correctional-Employee-Health-and-Wellness.pdf 16 National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, United States Department of Justice. 2017. Correctional Officer Safety and Wellness Literature Synthesis . https://www.ojp.gov/ pdffiles1/nij/250484.pdf 17 Spinaris. Mission critical: Correctional employee health and wellness. 18 Schaufeli, Wilmar B. and Maria C.W. Peeters. 2000. Job stress and burnout among correctional officers: A literature review. International Journal of Stress Management , 7(1):19-48. 19 Gordon, Jill A. and Amy J. Stichman. 2016. The influence of rehabilitative and punishment ideology on correctional officers’ perceptions of informal bases of power. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , Vol. 60(14):1591-1608.

Dr. Kristi Miller Anderson is the research and programs officer for 4 th Purpose Foundation.

Ms. Turner is currently the Community Engagement Officer for 4 th Purpose Foundation.

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NIJ Update

CrimeSolutions The evidence-based guide for justice agencies in search of practices and programs that really work By the National Institute of Justice

Introduction S cience supports corrections precise, reliable processes capable of generating consistent, repeatable outcomes. The National Institute of Justice is tasked by Congress with producing real-world benefits, through scientific innovation, for justice agencies, their stakeholders and the public. One important way NIJ accom- plishes this goal is through program evaluation. Program evaluation methods, themselves the product of rigorous science, have established not all science-based program and practice innovations are equally reliable. With the pace of scien- tific discovery around the world accelerating as never before, justice agencies seek assurance the particu- lar science underlying an existing or contemplated program or practice is sound, and the program or practice, if properly implemented, can work as intended. 1 NIJ has an established, evidence- based online resource to help justice agencies find and refine reliable solutions. agencies and the larger criminal justice system by delivering

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–– Prevent, intervene, or respond to victimization. –– Improve justice systems or processes. –– Assist persons convicted of a crime or at-risk populations of individuals with potential to become involved in the justice system. Rated programs and practices are included in an online clearinghouse.

CrimeSolutions: A road map to justice system practices and programs To help agencies know what works, what doesn’t, and what’s promising, NIJ’s CrimeSolutions has established a process for identifying and rating programs and practices that aim to: –– Prevent or reduce crime, de- linquency or related problem behaviors.

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NIJ Update

The terms “program” and “prac- tice” have particular meanings in CrimeSolutions. A “program” is a specific set of activities, carried out according to guidelines, to achieve a defined purpose. Program profiles on CrimeSolutions tell us whether a specific program was successful in achieving justice-related outcomes when it was carefully evaluated. A “practice” is a general category of programs, strategies or procedures that share similar characteristics, in terms of the issues they address and how they address them. Practice profiles tell us about the aggregate results from multiple evaluations of similar programs, strategies or procedures. CrimeSolutions employs a standardized process to evaluate programs and practices in order to determine both (1) the reliability of the science methods used to evaluate effectiveness, and (2) the level of ef- fectiveness, if any, of the program or practice under evaluation. This article discusses key aspects of the purpose, design, benefits and limitations of the CrimeSolutions resource, providing links to key pro- gram web resources. Of perhaps greatest utility, it ex- plains to the reader where to find and how to take advantage of CrimeSolu- tions when searching for or studying a program or practice, or deciding whether to implement it. Overview of CrimeSolutions The CrimeSolutions clearing- house identifies justice system programs and practices that have been submitted to rigorous scientific evaluations. The CrimeSolutions evaluation process closely examines

programs and practices for scientific evidence of effectiveness. If the evidence is strong and clear enough, a program will be rated “Effective,” “Promising,” or “No Effects.” If the evidence is insufficiently strong and clear, however, CrimeSolutions reviewers will withhold an effective- ness rating. Those unrated programs or practices are deemed to be emerg- ing, inconclusive or unclear. The so-called gold standard of evaluation methods is the randomized controlled trial, or RCT Table 1 shows, as of May 2021, totals of rated programs and practic- es and subtotals for those focused-on corrections. Programs and practices selected for CrimeSolutions review are first identified, screened, reviewed and rated, through a standardized process. See “CrimeSolutions’ Eight Step

Process for Reviewing and Rating Programs and Practices” on page 15. Two certified program review - ers assess each screened program and practice with objective scoring instruments. Reviewers examine scientific evaluations of programs. Broader practices are reviewed by reference to meta-analyses that syn- thesize existing rigorous evaluations of those practices. The importance of evidence- based practices and rigorous science At the core of CrimeSolutions’ effectiveness ratings is the reliance on available, rigorous evidence. Pro- grams and practices are considered evidence-based when their effec- tiveness has been demonstrated by causal evidence demonstrated in high quality outcome evaluations. The use of scientific methods yields causal evidence by ruling out alternative explanations for observed change. The more rigorous the scientific method used to evaluate a program or practice, the more certain an effectiveness rating will be. The sci- ence must be sufficiently strong and certain before CrimeSolutions will assign an effectiveness rating for a given practice or program. →

Table 1: Total and Corrections-Related Programs and Practices

Rated Programs

Rated Practices

Overall

632

106

Corrections

146

32

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–– Creating incentives for ongo- ing innovations and creation of evidence-based programs and practices. Program trainers can improve training by: –– Developing training materi- als for evaluated and rated programs. Researchers can improve justice programming and become more informed on criminal justice research by: –– Consulting CrimeSolutions evi- dence standards to strengthen evaluation designs. –– For programs rated “Promising” by CrimeSolutions, focusing on using rigorous evalua- tion designs to build the body of evidence and potentially increase confidence in program effectiveness. –– For programs or practices rated “Inconclusive” by CrimeSolutions, researchers may have an opportunity to build the program evidence base sufficiently for a sub - sequent CrimeSolutions evaluation to establish, with the requisite degree of scientific certainty, a program or practice is promising or effective or has no effects. –– Improve the available body of knowledge: Where an existing program or practice has been rated “Promising” by Crime- Solutions, there is incentive for independent researchers to conduct additional evaluation

istock/Sezeryadigar

The distinct value of CrimeSolutions for different professional audiences Having objective scientific evalua - tions of available corrections programs and practices can offer immediate benefits for a variety of stakehold - ers, including academic researchers engaged in program evaluations, prac- titioners, policymakers and trainers. Some of those CrimeSolutions benefits, by audience group, are: Corrections professionals may be able to improve program or practice effectiveness by one or more of the following actions: –– Familiarizing themselves with rated and evaluated programs in their field. –– Replicating a program or prac- tice found in CrimeSolutions. –– Adapting a program or practice from CrimeSolutions. Policymakers can shape funding decisions by: –– Creating incentives to use evaluated and rated programs and practices.

The so-called gold standard of evaluation methods is the random- ized controlled trial, or RCT. In RCTs, participants are randomly divided into treatment and control groups. Carefully controlled and measured division of participants en- sures that, to the extent possible, the only difference between the groups is one receives the experimental treatment and the other does not. As an evaluable method, the ran- domized controlled trial is uniquely capable of isolating and measuring the effect of experimental treatment. Beyond randomization, RCTs must be well-coordinated, with provisions to ensure, for instance, there is no contamination between the treatment and control groups. In some studies, a rigorous com- parison is either not feasible, or not needed to establish the answer to the scientific inquiry. A randomized trial would not be feasible when, for example, denial of the treatment to a control group would be unethical, or the subject of a study is retro- spective. And generally, RCTs rely on relatively large sample sizes to demonstrate measurable effect.

work, using a more rigor- ous scientific design where

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CrimeSolutions’ eight- step process for reviewing and rating programs and practices CrimeSolutions follows the eight- step evaluation process to determine whether a given program or practice will receive a rating: 1. Preliminary Program Iden- tification — programs and practices identified through literature searches and nomina- tions from the field. 2. Initial Program Screening — programs and practices reviewed to confirm they fall within the substantive scope of CrimeSolutions. 3. Expanded Literature Search — expanded search to all evaluations and research and program materials that may be of interest to reviewers. 4. Initial Evidence Screening — identified studies reviewed to determine whether the criteria for “evidence” of effectiveness has been met. 5. Selection of Evidence Base — senior researcher selects evaluations or meta-analyses that follow rigorous study designs and methods. 6. Expert Review — two certified reviewers perform an evidence review, using a scoring instru- ment, that assesses the quality and strength of the evidence, as well as the extent to which the evidence indicates the

applicable, such as an RCT, to test or re-test program strength and effectiveness. Limitations of CrimeSolutions Anyone interested in tapping the benefits of CrimeSolutions’ ratings of program and practice effective- ness should bear in mind certain practical or possible limitations of the resource. They include: –– The fact a program or practice works in one setting, with a particular population, does not mean it will be equally effec- tive in every setting, or for different populations. Adopt- ers of programs or practices rated Effective or Promising on CrimeSolutions should be prepared to evaluate scientifi - cally the program or practice once applied in their own environment. –– Programs often have mixed results for various outcomes – some positive, some negative. CrimeSolutions assigns rat- ings to programs based on the preponderance of evidence from up to three studies that have assessed outcomes related to crime, delinquency, or victim- ization prevention, intervention or response. –– Although CrimeSolutions is a rich resource, with more than 700 posted programs or practices, not all criminal justice, juvenile justice and victim services programs and practices have qualified for CrimeSolutions rating. Agen- cies should take care to select programming well matched to their needs.

program or practice achieves its goals. 7. Study Classification — each study is assigned one of five classifications on the quality of the study. 8. Effectiveness Rating — Crime- Solutions assigns evidence ratings addressing program or practice effectiveness. For prac- tices, ratings are assigned by outcome; one practice could re- ceive multiple, differing ratings, based on how effective it is in addressing various outcomes. Evidence ratings falling into three classes: –– Effective — Strong evidence to indicate the program achieves justice-related outcome(s) when implemented with fidelity to the design. –– Promising — Some evidence to indicate that the program achieves justice-related outcome(s) when implemented with fidelity to the design. –– No Effects — Strong evidence to indicate the program had no effects or had harmful effects. Not all programs and practices that make it past the initial review receive a rating. Many evaluations are determined by reviewers to be inconclusive, and for those programs or practices no rating is assigned. Examples of corrections prac- tices rated by CrimeSolutions The following are two examples of correctional practices rated by CrimeSolutions: →

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commonly associated with offend- ing (such as mental health status, substance use, education level or employment status). For example, a drug court program may provide for treatment only to address substance abuse issues. More commonly, however, rehabilitation programs combine multiple services: for example, a drug court program that provides not only substance abuse treatment, but also individual coun- seling and vocational training. The general types of treatment services provided by rehabilita- tion programs include group work (structured via protocol or psy- choeducational content); cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or CBT- like components (thinking skills, relapse prevention or anger manage- ment); counseling (group, individual, mentoring); academic work (GED or college classes); employment- related (work-release, job placement, vocational training); supportive residential (therapeutic commu- nity, halfway house); drug court or other specialized court; multimodal, mixed treatments (individual case management); intensive supervision (reduced probation or parole); or restorative interventions (mediation, reparations, community service). Practice Theory — Effective rehabilitation programs typically use treatment methods that are based on behavioral and social learning theories of change. Behavioral theory suggests individuals are conditioned to behave in a certain way based on experiences with reinforcement and punishment (Skinner 1965). In contrast, social learning theory posits people learn behaviors from one an- other, through observation, imitation

Rehabilitation includes programs that are designed to reduce recidivism among adults convicted of a crime by improving their behaviors, skills, mental health, social functioning and access to education and employment.

Rehabilitation programs for adult offenders This practice includes programs that are designed to reduce recidi- vism among adults convicted of a crime by improving their behaviors, skills, mental health, social func- tioning and access to education and employment. Adults may become participants in rehabilitation pro- grams during multiple points in their involvement with the criminal justice system. Evidence Rating for Out- comes —A single outcome was rated “Promising” for this practice. Looking at 634 independent effect sizes, researchers found a statisti- cally significant mean effect size of 0.203 for recidivism. This finding indicated those who participated in rehabilitation programs demonstrated reductions in criminal offending, compared with a control group who did not participate. Practice Goals/Target Popula- tion — Rehabilitation programs are designed to reduce recidivism among adults convicted of a crime by improving their behaviors, skills, mental health, social functioning and

access to education and employment. Adults convicted of a crime may become participants in rehabilitation programs at multiple points in their involvement with the criminal justice system, and programs are typically provided in conjunction with some form of sanction (e.g., incarceration or probation). Therefore, most pro- grams are delivered to persons within correctional settings, or in commu- nity settings following their release (i.e., probation or parole-based pro- grams). Community-based settings may be delivered in inpatient facili- ties, such as psychiatric hospitals and outpatient treatment centers, or in supportive residential housing such as halfway houses. In addition, some rehabilitation programs (such as drug courts) serve as alternatives to incarceration, diverting individuals into services in the community rather than into correctional facilities. Practice Components — Reha- bilitation programs do not generally follow a common, well-defined treat - ment protocol. 2 Instead, interventions and services may vary significantly by program. All programs ad- dress at least one of the risk factors

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and modeling. 3 Therefore, rehabilita- tion programs are designed to reduce criminal behaviors through the posi- tive reinforcement of conventional behaviors learned through observation or modeling. 4 For example, a program may help a participant learn how to manage his or her anger by modeling appropriate responses instead. Treatment in secure corrections for serious juvenile offenders (2015) This practice includes interven- tions targeting serious (violent and chronic) juveniles sentenced to serve time in secure corrections. The overall goal is to decrease recidivism rates when juveniles are released and return to the community. The practice is rated Effective for reducing general recidivism and serious recidivism of violent and chronic justice-involved youth. Evidence Rating for Outcomes —An Effective rating was assigned to two outcomes for this practice: –– Crime & Delinquency — Mul- tiple crime/offense types. To determine the impact of treat- ment on general recidivism rates, researchers examined 30 comparisons, between treatment groups and control groups, which used intent-to-treat data. The authors found a significant odds ratio of 1.307 in favor of the treatment group, meaning chronic and violent justice- involved youth who received treatment in secure corrections had lower recidivism rates than comparison group juveniles who did not receive treatment. –– Crime & Delinquency — Serious recidivism. Researchers exam- ined 15 comparisons, looking

cognitive–behavioral, cognitive, education and nonbehavioral. Conclusion We created CrimeSolutions to help criminal justice, juvenile justice and crime victim service profes- sionals better understand crime and identify program and practice solu- tions that address the unique needs of their communities. CrimeSolutions helps justice professionals who are not social scientists improve the effective- ness of programs. The systematic, independent review process and evidence ratings are intended to give practitioners access to social science evidence that is otherwise difficult to obtain, and serve as a basis for gauging the quality of evidence. In short, CrimeSolutions strives to help practitioners answer the questions: has it worked, and in what context? EndNotes 1 In 2016, nearly 2.3 million research articles were published, according to the National Science Foundation, Science & Engineering Indicators 2018 , National Science Foundation. https://www. nsf.gov/statistics/2018/nsb20181 (December 2018). 2 Mark Lipsey and Francis Cullen, “The Effectiveness of Correctional Rehabilitation: A Review of Systematic Reviews,” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 3 no. 1 (2007):297–320. 3 Alfred Bandura, “Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change,” Psychological Review 84 no. 2 (1977):191–215. 4 Mark Lipsey and Francis Cullen, “The Effectiveness of Correctional Rehabilitation: A Review of Systematic Reviews,” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 3 no. 1 (2007):297–320. About the National Institute of Justice: The National Institute of Justice is the scientific research, development, and evaluation arm of the U.S. Department of Justice. The National Institute of Justice has run the CrimeSolutions program since 2013.

at serious recidivism (which included reincarceration or reinstitutionalization) of justice- involved youth. The authors calculated a significant odds ratio of 1.354, meaning the treatment provided in secure confinement significantly reduced the serious recidivism of chronic and violent justice-involved youth. Practice Goals/Target Popu- lation — Interventions targeting serious (violent and chronic) justice- involved youth sentenced to serve time in secure corrections aim to decrease recidivism rates when ju- veniles are released and return to the community. These interventions can include psychological approaches, social and educational methods and environmental conditions, all of which support the learning of proso- cial attitudes and behaviors. A juvenile is generally defined as a young person aged 12 to 21 years old. This practice targets juveniles who commit violent offenses or chronically offend. Violent justice- involved youth are juveniles who have committed offenses in which someone has been hurt or seriously injured and requires medical at- tention. Violent offenses include murder, voluntary manslaughter, kidnapping, assault, robbery, endan- germent and arson. Youth chronically involved in the juvenile justice sys- tem are those who have three or more previous legal adjudications. Practice Components — There are a number of different types of treatment that may be avail- able to justice-involved youth in secure corrections. The treat- ment types include behavioral,

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