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Conclusion: understanding the influence of staff interaction Corrections staff have a lot of influence on male and female inmates who have experienced significant victimization in their past. Line staff have many daily interactions with individuals with justice involvement which can significantly impact their day and their programs. As child psychologist and educator Haim G. Ginott once summarized, “I have come to the frightening conclusion that I am the decisive element in the consumer’s life. It’s my personal approach that creates the climate; it’s my daily mood that makes the 2 Hein, C., Shugart, M., Craighead, E., and C. Nermeroff. 2010. Neurobiologi- cal and psychiatric consequences of child abuse and neglect . Developmental Psychobiology , 52 (7): 671-690. 3 Lewinson, T., Thomas, L., and S. White. 2014. Traumatic transitions: homeless women’s narratives of abuse, loss and fear. Affilia , 29(2): 192-205. 4 American Psychiatric Association. 2013 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Fifth Edition. 5 Benedict, A. 2014 . National Resource Center on Justice Involved Women: Using Trauma Informed Practices to Enhance Safety and Security in Women’s Correctional Facilities. Grant: Bureau of Justice Assistance. ( bja.ojp.gov ) 6 The Moss Group. 2017. Specialized Training: Investigating Sexual Abuse in Confinement Settings. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Corrections 7 Bedard, L. 2009. The pseudo-family phenomenon in women’s prisons. (correctionsone.com) 8 Wolff, N. and J. Shi. 2012. Childhood and adult trauma experiences of incarcerated persons and their relationship to adult behavioral health problems and treatment . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(5): 1908-1926. 9 Widom, C., Czaja, S., and M. Dutoon. 2008. Childhood victimization and lifetime re-victimization . Child Abuse , 32: 785-796. 10 DeHart, D., Lynch, S., Belknap, J., Dass-Brailsford, P. and B. Green. 2014. Life history models of female offending; the roles of serious mental health and trauma in women’s pathways to jail . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 38(1): 138-151. 11 Lynch, S., DeHart, D., Belknap, J., Green, B., Dass-Brailsford, P., Johnson, K., and M. Wong. 2017. An examination of the associations among victimization, mental health and offending in women. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 44(6): 796-814. ENDNOTES 1 Meriam-Webster.com

weather. I possess a tremendous power to make a consumer’s life miserable or joyous. I can be a tool of torture or an instrument of inspiration: I can humiliate or humor, hurt or heal. In all situations, it is my response that decides whether a crisis will be escalated or deescalated and a consumer humanized or dehumanized.” 20 There are many direct applications of this quote when working with individuals with justice involvement who have trauma issues. Corrections staff do have significant influence in the inmate’s life and can truly be a key influ- ence in the inmate’s day. Learning strategies and healthy approaches as part of trauma informed care can help the process of healing and recovery and give corrections staff tools to help with positive daily interactions. 12 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2014. SAMHSA’s Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma- Informed Approach. Rockville, MD. (HRS Publication No. 14-4884) 13 Zimering, R., and S. Bird Gulliver.2003. Secondary Traumatization. MH Life Sciences Journal , Volume: 20. 14 Stephanie Covington’s materials are available on her website: https://www. stephaniecovington.com/ 15 Boritz, T., Barnhart, R., and S.F. McMain .2015. The influence of posttraumatic stress disorder on treatment outcomes of patients with borderline personality disorder . Journal of Personality Disorders , 29, 1-12. 16 P.G.Van Den Berg, D. and M. Van Der Gaag. 2012. Treating Trauma in Psychosis with EMDR. Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental psychology, Journal 43, Issue 1. 17 Miller, N. 2011. RSAT Training Tool: Trauma Informed Approaches in Correctional Settings . (www.rsat-tta.com). 18 Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network. (rainn.org). 19 Miller, N., and L. Najavits. 2012. Creating trauma-informed correctional care: a balance of goals and environment. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3: 1-8. 20 Ginott, H. 1993. Teacher and Child: A Book for Parents and Teachers . Scribner Paper.

Randy Shively, Ph.D. is the director of Clinical Development for Alvis, Inc. Linda Janes is the chief program officer for Alvis, Inc.

62 — May/June 2020 Corrections Today