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examined in many contexts, including proximity to the home, duration of stalking, method of homicide and fear of rape or sexual assault. In addition, the degree of intimacy that exists between victims and offenders has traditionally been as major a variable in the outcome in cases of violent crimes in the criminal justice system. 8 2. Restorative justice must be victim-centered and trauma-informed Crime victims and survivors often feel removed from services and support that can help them in the immediate, short and long-term, and from criminal and juvenile jus tice system processes that should be designed to protect them. In 2015, the DOJ found that only 9.1 percent of victims of serious violent crime sought assistance from a victim services program. 9 By addressing the victim’s trau ma and needs, restorative justice can more clearly define the harm caused by crime and its impact on survivors, and develop approaches to address such harm. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services defines “trauma-informed” to be based upon three E’s: events, experience of the event and effect. According to SAMHSA’s conceptual framework: “Individual trauma results from an event, series of events, or set of circumstances that is experienced by an individual as physically or emotionally harmful or life-threatening, and that has lasting adverse effects on the individual’s functioning and mental, physical, social, emo tional or spiritual well-being.” 10 3. The voices of victims/survivors in restorative justice are integral to its effectiveness and overall success The “power of the personal story” from

4. Victim autonomy must be central to all restorative justice policies and practices Every crime victim and survivor is unique. While vic timology and justice research offers valuable information about victims’ needs and victim impact, restorative justice demands that programs focus on the individual survivor in the individual case. His or her feelings and opinions are central to effective restorative justice practices. Crime victims and survivors often speak about the sense of power and control that their perpetrators exerted over them. A significant component of the healing process is to help victims regain that sense of control over their lives and, if they report crimes, over their participation in justice processes, including diversion. This includes being offered the opportunity to participate in restorative justice programs and, alternatively, the option to decline to par ticipate. It is his or her decision — no exceptions. Restorative practices should be made available to vic tims who report crimes, as well as to those (the majority) who do not. According to the National Crime Victimiza tion Survey, in 2016, only 42 percent of violent crimes and only 26 percent of property crimes were reported to police. 11 Community-based victim assistance programs that are not affiliated with the criminal or juvenile justice systems — such as domestic violence programs, rape cri sis centers, homicide support groups and MADD chapters — are important partners in restorative justice initia tives, as they provide services and support to all crime

victims and survivors has driven the nation’s victim assistance field since its inception nearly half a century ago, and has been an important foundation for restorative justice over the past three decades. Nobody understands the devas tating impact of crime more than someone who has experienced it. Victims’ voices are often a clarion call for survivor services and justice processes that focus on offender accountability and evidence-based practices that have proven to be effective to reduce recidivism.

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